1 


;oc 


The  D.  Van  NoSlrand  Company 

intend  this  book  to  be  sold  to  the  Public 
at  the  advertised  price,  and  supply  it  to 
the  Trade  on  terrrfs  which  will  not  allow 
of  reduction. 


A  TREATISE 


ON 

CEMENT    SPECIFICATIONS 

INCLUDING 

THE   GENERAL    USE,  PURCHASE,  STORAGE,  INSPEC- 
TION AND  TEST  REQUIREMENTS  OF  PORTLAND, 
NATURAL,  PUZZOLAN   (SLAG)  AND 
SILICA   (SAND)  CEMENT 

AND 

METHODS  OF  TESTING  AND  ANALYSIS  OF  PORTLAND  CEMENT 


BY 

JEROME  COCHRAN,   B.S.,   C.E.,  M.C.E. 
v 

Author  of  "  Inspection  of  Concrete  Construction  " 
and  Numerous  Technical  Contributions 


NEW  YORK 

D.  VAN  NOSTRAND   COMPANY 

•25    PAEK   PLACE 
1912 


t/\ 


Copyright,  1912 

BY 
D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY 


SCIENTIFIC    PRESS 

ROBERT    DRUMMOND    AND    COMPANY 
BROOKLYN.    N     Y. 


PREFACE 


IN  the  preparation  of  this  treatise  on  specifications  for  cement 
(one  of  the  most  important  materials  used  in  construction  work 
of  any  magnitude)  the  constant  aim  has  been  to  present  a  set  of 
specifications  that  would  not  only  be  consistent  throughout, 
but  which,  at  the  same  time,  conforms  to  modern  practice.  The 
author  is  well  aware  of  the  fact,  however,  that  no  specifications 
for  cement  will  ever  be  devised  which  will  meet  all  mental  con- 
ditions of  engineers  and  all  constructional  and  manufacturing 
conditions  of  actual  work,  and  the  following  specifications  do 
not  perform  the  impossible,  as  there  are  a  few  matters  of  detail 
embraced  herein  where  there  is  difference  of  opinion  among 
able  engineers,  many  of  whom  are  at  least  as  competent  as  the 
author  to  determine  what  is  best.  It  is  not  expected  that  all 
the  provisions  found  herein  will  be  applicable  to  every  class 
of  construction  work.  A  careful  study  must  be  made,  for  reasons 
which  will  suggest  themselves,  of  the  surrounding  conditions 
and  limitations,  and  these  specifications  modified  in  accordance. 

In  the  preparation  of  these  specifications  the  endeavor  has 
been  to  observe  a  logical  order  and  a  due  proportion  between 
different  parts.  Great  care  has  been  taken  in  classifying  and 
arranging  the  specifications  and  it  will  be  helpful  to  the  reader 
to  notice  that  they  are  divided  successively  into  parts,  sections 
and  paragraphs.  Every  precaution  has  been  taken  to  present 
the  specifications  in  a  form  for  convenient  practical  use  and  ready 
reference.  The  table  of  contents  shows  the  general  scope  of 
the  specifications  and  a  very  full  index  makes  everything  in  the 
specifications  easy  of  access. 

The  engineering  periodicals  and  transactions  contain  a  large 
number  of  articles  wherein  specification  requirements  for  cement 

iii 

270995 


iv  PREFACE 

play  a  very  important  part  in  construction  work,  ana  hence 
numerous  but  carefully  selected  references  to  them  are  made  a 
prominent  feature  of  this  work.  Besides  directing  the  student 
and  young  engineer  in  his  preparation  of  similar  specifications, 
they  encourage  him  to  form  the  habit  of  consulting  these  great 
cyclopedias  of  engineering  practice.  No  attempt  is  made  to 
refer  to  all  the  engineering  periodicals  published  in  this  country 
nor  to  include  every  article  on  the  subject  to  be  found  in  the 
periodicals  selected.  The  aim  has  been  merely  to  give  a  sufficient 
number  of  selected  references,  to  enable  the  student  or  young 
engineer  to  study  the  methods  employed  by  others  in  drawing 
up  cement  specifications. 

While  this  work  is  in  some  respects  imperfect  and  there  is 
no  doubt  room  for  the. addition  of  much  information,  there  has 
not  heretofore  been  anything  like  as  complete  a  presentation 
of  the  subject;  and  in  consideration  of  this  fact  the  reader  is 
requested  not  to  be  too  critical. 

JEKOME  COCHRAN,  C.E. 

DETROIT,  MICHIGAN, 
May,  1912. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


INTRODUCTION ix 

Preparation  of  Specifications  for  Cement ix 

Selection  of  Cement xi 


PARTI 
GENERAL  CONDITIONS  GOVERNING  USE  OF  CEMENT 

SEC. 

1.  General  Requirements 1 

2.  Brand  and  Composition  of  Cement 5 

3.  Silica  Cement  or  Sand  Cement 7 

PART  II 
FURNISHING  CEMENT  TO  THE  CONTRACTOR 

1.  General  Requirements 9 

2.  Unnecessary  Use  and  Waste  of  Cement 11 

PART  III 
PURCHASE  OF  CEMENT  FROM  MANUFACTURERS 

1.  Purchase  Tests  and  Requirements 12 

2.  Acceptance  Tests  and  Requirements 14 

3.  Form  of  Proposal  for  Furnishing  Cement 16 

PART  IV 
DEIVERY  AND  STORAGE  OF  CEMENT 

1.  Delivery  of  Cement 18 

2.  Storage  of  Cement 21 

v 


vi  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PARTY 
INSPECTION  AND  TESTS  OF  CEMENT 

SEC.  PAGE 

1.  General  Requirements 25 

2.  Sampling  of  Cement  for  Testing 27 

3.  Field  Inspection  and  Tests 28 

4.  Laboratory  Inspection  and  Tests 31 

5.  Mill  Inspection  and  Tests 34 

6.  Acceptance  Requirements 37 

PART  VI 
TEST  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  CEMENT 

1.  General  Requirements 41 

2.  Portland  Cement 42 

3.  Natural  Cement 46 

4.  Puzzolan  or  Slag  Cement 47 

5.  Silica  Cement  or  Sand  Cement 48 

6.  Additional  Requirements 49 

7.  Special  Requirements  (Quick  Setting  Portland  Cement) 49 

8.  Cement  Used  in  Sea  Water 50 

PART  VII 
METHODS  OF  TESTING  CEMENT 

1.  General  Requirements 51 

2.  Chemical  Analysis 52 

3.  Fineness  of  Grinding 52 

4.  Specific  Gravity 54 

5.  Normal  Consistency 55 

6.  Time  of  Setting 56 

7.  Briquette  Making 58 

(a)  General  Requirements 58 

(6)  Neat  Briquettes 60 

(c)  Sand  Briquettes 61 

8.  Storage  of  Test  Pieces 63 

9.  Tensile  Strength 64 

10.  Constancy  of  Volume  or  Soundness 65 

11.  Homogeneity  (Microscopical  Tests) 67 

12.  Miscellaneous  Tests.  .  68 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  vii 

PART  VIII 
SIGNIFICANCE  OF  TESTS  OF  CEMENT 

SEC.  PAGE 

1.  Sampling  Cement  for  Tests 71 

2.  Chemical  Analysis 71 

3.  Fineness  of  Grinding 72 

4.  Specific  Gravity 72 

5.  Normal  Consistency 73 

6.  Time  of  Setting 73 

7.  Tensile  Strength 74 

8.  Constancy  of  Volume  or  Soundness , 75 

PART  IX 
METHODS  OF  CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS  OF  PORTLAND  CEMENT 

1.  Solution  77 

2.  Silica 78 

3.  Alumina  and  Iron 78 

4.  Iron 79 

5.  Lime 79 

6.  Magnesia 80 

7.  Alkalies 80 

8.  Anhydrous   Sulphuric  Acid 80 

9.  Total  Sulphur 81 

10,  Loss  on  Ignition 81 

PARTX 
BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  CEMENT 

1.  Storage  and  Inspection 82 

2.  Cement  Testing  in  General 82 

3.  Portland  Cement 85 

4.  Natural  Cement 89 

5.  Puzzolan  Cement 91 

PART  XI 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  FOREIGN  CEMENT  SPECIFICATIONS  92 


INTRODUCTION 


IT  is  not  customary  with  American  engineers  to  go  into  much 
detail  in  their  specifications  for  cement.  These  are  generally 
confined  to  a  distinction  between  Portland  and  natural  cements, 
and  to  a  statement  of  the  strength  required  for  each,  in  briquettes 
of  neat  cement  and  mortar  of  certain  age,  the  degree  of  fineness 
in  grinding  and  constancy  of  volume  or  soundness.  European 
engineers,  especially  on  the  continent,  are  more  particular.  Their 
classification  generally  includes  six  or  seven  grades;  they  prescribe 
certain  limits  in  chemical  composition,  in  specific  gravity  and  the 
time  required  for  setting  and  often  describe  with  great  detail  the 
manner  in  which  tests  are  to  be  made.  The  specifications  of 
the  Fonts  et  Chaussees  for  the  harbor  works  of  Boulogne  and 
Calais  are  models  in  this  respect. 

PREPARATION  OF  SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  CEMENT 

The  engineer  who  wishes  to  compile  a  specification  for  cement 
from  the  requirements  which  have  been  laid  down  by  his  pred- 
ecessors engaged  on  similar  work  is  confronted  by  a  difficult 
problem.  The  great  variations  in  specifications  for  cement  for 
the  same  uses  seem  to  be  due  largely  to  the  failure  to  recognize 
the  general  principles  upon  which  the  acceptance  or  rejection  of 
cement  should  be  based,  though,  when  stated,  they  seem  to  be 
axiomatic. 

The  specifications  should  be  clear  in  the  matter  of  indicating 
what  is  absolutely  required  without  any  alternative,  and  what 
is  named  as  indicating  in  general  the  character  of  the  product. 

The  clauses  in  the  specifications  should  be  made  so  far  as 
possible  mutually  exclusive.  That  is  to  say,  no  part  of  the 
specifications  for  the  general  use,  purchase,  storage,  inspection 

ix 


X  INTRODUCTION 

and  test  requirements  should  be  specifically  described  in  more 
than  one  place. 

The  good  judgment  of  the  engineer  must  be  exercised  in  his 
selection  of  the  kind  of  cement  best  suited  to  the  work  in  which  it 
is  to  be  used.  His  foresight  in  this  particular  will  decide  whether 
natural  hydraulic,  puzzolan,  or  Portland  cement  shall  be  used 
and  the  grade  of  the  latter.  The  decision  regarding  the  cement 
to  be  used  affects  the  specifications  for  mortar  and  concrete. 
It  is  not  uncommon  to  specify  that  the  cement  furnished 
shall  be  of  well-known  brands.  If  possible  to  avoid  it,  it  is  best 
not  to  specify  a  particular  brand  or  proprietary  article  by  name. 
If  this  is  done  at  all,  more  than  one  such  name  should  be  given 
if  possible,  and  others  admitted  if  shown  to  be  as  good  as  these 
to  the  satisfaction  of  the  engineer.  To  limit  the  brand  of  cement 
to  that  a  single  manufacturer  subjects  the  engineer  to  invidious 
criticism  and  suspicion,  and  it  is  far  better  to  avoid  even  the 
appearance  of  evil. 

The  specifications  should  not  require  the  very  highest  and 
best  cement  the  market  affords  (unless  absolutely  necessary), 
but  such  a  grade  as  would  be  satisfactory  in  service,  and  which 
can  be  supplied  by  the  standard  manufacturers  of  that  particular 
product.  In  this  way  the  engineer  gets  the  benefit  of  a  wide 
competition,  and  of  a  correspondingly  low  price. 

The  minimum  requirements  for  cement  which  serve  as  a 
criterion  of  rejection  determines  very  largely  the  cost  of  the  work. 
If,  therefore,  the  engineer  in  preparing  his  specifications  bases 
his  requirements  upon  what  might  be  commonly  known  as  good 
or  first-class  cement,  with  a  minimum  limit  fairly  below  this 
generally  recognized  first-class  grade,  he  will  usually  obtain  a 
cement  practically  as  good  as  the  market  affords,  without  being 
obliged  to  pay  an  extravagant  price  for  it,  and  without  suffering 
from  the  delays  and  troubles  caused  by  the  rejection  of  a  large 
portion  of  the  cement  furnished.  To  base  a  specification  on  the 
very  highest  tests  known  of  a  given  cement,  and  to  require  this 
extraordinary  quality  for  all  cement  furnished  is  extremely  unwise 
and  shows  poor  judgment. 

The  above  are  some  of  the  numerous  controlling  ideas  which 
the  engineer  should  have  clearly  in  mind  in  the  writing  of  cement 
specifications.  He  must  know  in  the  first  place  exactly  what  he 
wants,  and  then  try  to  so  describe  it  that  others  cannot  mistake 


INTRODUCTION  xi 

his  meaning.  If  he  does  not  succeed  in  making  clear  to  the 
proposed  contractors  exactly  what  is  wanted,  he  should  feel  that 
he  alone  is  to  blame  for  any  misunderstanding. 

SELECTION  OF  CEMENT 

The  selection  of  the  proper  grade  of  cement  to  be  used  in 
any  given  structure  is,  to  a  great  extent,  dependent  upon  the 
character  of  the  work.  For  ordinary  masonry  above  ground 
subjected  only  to  the  influence  of  the  weather  and  to  moderate 
pressures,  where  the  cement  acts  principally  as  a  binding  mate- 
rial, the  same  grade  is  not  evidently  required  as  for  a  high  masonry 
dam  where  impermeability  and  resistance  to  crushing  are  the 
main  requirements,  or  for  a  floor  or  sidewalk  covering  where 
hardness  is  the  principal  consideration,  or  for  sewer  and  harbor 
works  where  impermeability  and  ability  to  resist  the  chemical 
action  of  sewage  and  sea  water  are  of  paramount  importance. 
In  other  words,  the  exposure  of  the  work  to  the  weather  or  its 
protection  from  external  conditions  by  position  in  the  interior 
of  piers  or  foundations  or  in  rock  or  deep  excavations  under 
constant  conditions  of  temperature,  moisture,  etc.,  will  be  prom- 
inent in  deciding  what  specifications  to  adopt  for  the  cement 
to  be  used.  In  all  cases,  however,  that  cement  should  be  selected 
which  will  give  the  best  and  most  permanent  results  consistent 
with  the  limits  of  cost  of  the  work  in  question.  A  few  general 
rules  may  be  formulated  for  guidance  in  making  a  selection. 

Portland  Cement  should  be  used  in  mortar  and  concrete  for 
structures  subjected  to  severe  or  frequently  recurring  stresses; 
for  structures  requiring  strength  at  short  periods  of  time;  for 
reinforced  concrete  construction;  for  all  work  laid  under  water 
or  which  will  come  into  contact  with  water  immediately  after 
placing;  for  masonry  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  elements; 
and  for  all  other  purposes  where  its  cost  will  be  less  than  that 
of  Natural  cement  concrete,  or  mortar  of  similar  quality.  White 
Portland  cement  is  eminently  fitted  for  high  class  ornamental 
work. 

Natural  Cement  may  be  used  in  concrete  for  dry  unexposed 
foundations  with  moderate  compression;  for  backing  or  filling 
in  massive  concrete  or  stone  masonry;  for  sub-pavements  of 
streets  and  for  sewer  foundations;  and  for  use  in  mortar  for 


xii  INTRODUCTION 

ordinary  brickwork,  and  for  ordinary  stone  masonry  where  the 
chief  requisite  is  weight  or  mass.  It  should  not  be  used  in  work 
under  water,  in  marine  construction,  in  columns,  beams,  floors,  or 
other  members  subjected  to  severe  or  suddenly  applied  stresses. 

Mixtures  of  Portland  and  Natural  Cements  are  sometimes 
employed  when  quick  setting  with  great  strength  is  desired,  but 
unless  mixed  at  the  factory  and  sold  as  Improved  Natural  Hydrau- 
lic Cements,  are  not  advisable  under  any  conditions. 

Puzzolan  or  Slag  Cement  is  limited  to  use  in  sea  water, 
generally  to  structures  constantly  exposed  to  moisture,  as  founda- 
tions of  buildings,  sewers  and  drains,  and  underground  works 
generally,  and  in  the  interior  of  heavy  masonry  or  concrete. 
It  is  unfit  for  use  when  subjected  to  mechanical  wear,  abrasion, 
or  blows,  and  should  never  be  used  where  it  may  be  exposed  to 
the  action  of  dry  air  for  long  periods.  Under  such  conditions  it 
will  turn  white  and  disintegrate,  owing  to  the  oxidation  of  its 
sulphides  to  the  surface.  The  low  strength,  variable  composition, 
and  certain  properties  of  slag  cement  renders  it  undesirable  for 
reinforced  concrete  structures. 

Silica  Cement  or  Sand  Cement  is  recommended  by  the  U.  S. 
Army  Engineers  for  grouting,*  and  it  is  sometimes  employed 
as  a  substitute  for  Natural  cement. 

References.  The  numbered  divisions  of  the  following  specifications 
are  herein  designated  as  "  paragraphs,"  each  being  referred  to  by  the 
number  standing  at  its  beginning. 

*  Professional  Papers  No.  28. 


CEMENT  SPECIFICATIONS 


PART  I 

GENERAL    CONDITIONS    GOVERNING    USE    OF 
CEMENT 

1.  GENERAL  REQUIREMENTS 

1.  In  General.     All  hydraulic  cement  shall  be  equal  to  the 
best  of  its  kind  and  shall  be  of  the  grades  known  as  Portland, 
Natural  or  Puzzolan,  as  may  be  ordered  in  the  work,  and  must 
be  manufactured  by  firms  of  established  reputation.     Cement 
must  be  of  good  and  uniform  quality,  setting  firmly  and  strongly, 
but  not  too  quickly.     In  other  words,  the  best  quality  of  hydraulic 
cement  obtainable  in  the  market  shall  be  used. 

2.  Use  of  Portland  Cement.     Only  Portland  cement  shall  be 
used  in  reinforced  concrete  structures  or  for  any  construction 
that  will  be  subject  to  shocks  or  vibrations  or  stresses  other  than 
direct  compression. 

3.  Contract  Work.      Cement  used  on  contract  work  for  the 
City  or  Company  shall  be   subject  to  the  same   requirements 
and  tests  as  that  purchased  direct  by  the  City  or  Company. 
(See  Part  III,  page  12). 

4.  Building   Ordinances.     The  cement  shall   conform   to   all 
the   requirements   of  the   building    ordinances    of    the    City   of 

No  brand  of   cements  which   has   not   met   these 

requirements  shall  be  used. 

5.  Time  of  Setting.     According  to  the  purpose  for  which  it 
is  intended,   quick  or  slow-setting  cement  'may  be  demanded. 
Slow-setting  cements  are  those  that  set  in  about  two  hours  or 


CONmTIQNS  GOVEENING  USE  OF  CEMENT 

more.      When  a  specially  slow-setting  cement  is  required  the 
minimum  time  of  final  setting  shall  be  specified. 

6.  Preference  for    Slow-setting    Cements.      Preference    will 
be  given  to  cements  which,  by  their  records,  show  a  tendency 
to  develop  strength  steadily  for  long  periods,  unless  for  special 
purposes   cement   is   required   that   will   develop   great   strength 
in  a  short  time.      A  slow-setting  cement  is  preferable,   as  the 
work  being  usually  constructed  in  layers  has  more   chance   of 
becoming    incorporated.     Portland    cement    is    rendered    slower 
setting  by  long  storage. 

7.  Varying  Cost  of  Cement.     When  by  order  or  permission 
of  the  Engineer,  cements  having  a  higher  or  lower  market  value 
are  used,  he  shall  make  a  fair  addition  or  deduction  in  the  esti- 
mates on  account  of  such  change. 

8.  Inspection   and   Tests.     The    cement   will   be   subject   to 
inspection  and  rigorous  tests  by  the  Engineer,  and  none  shall  be 
u^ed  or  remain  on  the  work  but  that  which  has  been  approved 
by  him.      (See  Part  V,  page  25).      In  all  cases  cement  shall  be 
approved  by  the  Engineer,  and  the  Inspector  in  charge  of  the 
work  shall  receive  a  written  approval  before  permitting  concrete 
to  be  made  from  any  cement  delivered. 

9.  Laboratory  Inspection  and  Tests.      Inspection  and  tests 
shall  be  conducted  by  a  standard  testing  laboratory  selected  by 
the   Engineer   and   at  the  cost  and  expense   of  the  Contractor. 
(See  Part  V,  Sec.  4,  page  31). 

10.  Mill  Inspection  and  Tests.     The  Contractor,  when  plac- 
ing orders  with  the  manufacturer,  must  secure  from  same  an  agree- 
ment to  the  effect  that  the  Owner  or  City  will  be  permitted  to 
inspect  all  cement  furnished  for  his  work,  at  the  mill,  in  accordance 
with  the  terms  of  these  specifications.     (See  Part  V,  Sec.  5,  page 
34). 

11.  Records  of  Cement  Received,  Given  Out  and  Rejected. 
The   Contractor   shall  provide   a   competent   store  keeper,   who 
shall  keep  a  record  of  the  dates  and  quantities  of  the  different 
lots  of  cement  received,  of  all  cement  given  out,  and  for  what 
purposes,  and  of  all  rejected  cement.     Said  record  and  all  original 
bills  of  lading  shall  be  accessible  to  the  Engineer  at  all  times. 

12.  Rejection  of  Cement.     Cement  found  at  any  time  to  be 
unsatisfactory — before,  during  or  after  its  placing  in  the  work — 
shall  be  subject  to  rejection,  even  to  the  extent  of  taking  down 


GENERAL  REQUIREMENTS  3 

masonry  or  other  work  in  which  unsatisfatcory  cement  may  have 
been  used.  No  cement  will  be  allowed  to  be  used  unless  delivered 
in  suitable  packages  properly  branded. 

12a.  Removal  of  Rejected  Cement.  Cement  which  has  been 
rejected  shall,  within  five  (5)  days  after  notice  of  rejection  being 
given  the  Contractor,  be  removed  by  the  Contractor  at  his  sole 
expense  from  the  site  of  the  work. 

12b.  Freight  on  Rejected  Cement.  In  case  cement  is  rejected 
after  reaching  the  site  of  the  work,  the  owner  of  the  cement  shall 
be  assessed  full  tariff  rates  for  its  transportation  both  to  ami 
from  the  site  of  the  work  over  the  lines  of  the  Railroad  Company. 

13.  Removing  Work  Due  to  Defective  Cement.     In  case  the 
Engineer  shall  order  any  work  to  be  taken  down  because  of 
unsatisfactory    cement,    the    Contractor   shall    take    down   such 
work  and  as  ordered,  and  shall  rebuild  it  to  the  satisfaction  of 
the  Engineer,  with  acceptable  cement,  but  the  Contractor  shall 
not  be  entitled  to  any  payment  for  taking  down  and  rebuilding 
work  for  such  reason,  nor  for  any  materials  used  therein,  not- 
withstanding that  samples  of  the  cement  originally  used  in  the 
work  may  have  passed  the  prescribed  tests. 

14.  Cement  to  be  Pulverized.     When  used  in  the  work,  the 
cement  shall  be  free  from  lumps  and  partially  or  wholly  set  cement, 
and  in  all  respects  satisfactory  to  the  Engineer.     If  the  cement 
becomes  lumpy  before  being  used,   it  shall   be  thoroughly  pul- 
verized before  mixing  with  sand.     Lumps  which  cannot  be  broken 
up  with  a  light  blow  of  the  shovel  shall  be  picked  out,  and  only 
cement  which  is  in  perfect  condition  shall  be  used.     Any  cement 
that  has  caked  so  as,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Engineer,  to  be  injured 
shall   be   rejected,   and   shall   be   removed   immediately   by   the 
Contractor  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  site,  in  order  to  avoid 
all  possibility  of  its  being  used  on  the  work. 

15.  Removing  Rubbish.     All  papers  and  other  rubbish  must 
be  carefully  removed  from  cement. 

16.  Relation  of  Cement  and  Aggregate.     The  proportion  of 
cement  to  sand  and  broken  stone  or  gravel  shall  be  chosen  after 
a  very  careful  study  of  the  local  conditions  and  the  available 
materials. 

For  reinforced  concrete  construction  a  density  proportion 
based  on  1:  6  should  generally  be  used,  i.e.,  1  part  of  cement  to  a 
total  of  6  parts  of  fine  and  coarse  aggregates  measured  separately. 


4  GENERAL  CONDITIONS  GOVERNING  USE  OF  CEMENT 

17.  Unit  of  Measure  for  Cement.    The  unit  of  measure  for 
cement  shall  be  the  bag  as  received  from  the  manufacturer  having 
a  gross  weight  of  not  less  than  95  Ibs.     Such  a  packed  shall  be 
considered  as  being  equal  to  one  (1)  cubic  foot  of  cement.  Cement 
lighter  than  the  above  must  be  counted  of  proportionately  less 

volume. 

18.  Measuring  Cement.     Cement  shall  be  measured  in  the 
original  packages  and  the  packages  counted,  instead  of  weigh- 
ing on  scales,   since  bags  or  barrels  of  cement  have  standard 
weights.  In  measuring  cement  for  mortar  or  concrete,  the  standard 
volume  of  a  barrel  or  bag  of  cement  shall  be  determined  by  com- 
paring its  net  weight  with  the  weight  of  one  cubic  foot  of  thor- 
oughly compacted  neat  cement.     If  bags  received  from  the  manu- 
facturer contain  less  than  the  specified  number  of  pounds  of  cement 
the  Contractor  shall  bring  up  the  weight  with  additional  cement. 
If  the  bags  weigh  uniformly  more  than  is  here  called  for  the 
Contractor  shall  be   allowed  to  remove  the  excess  cement  pro- 
vided each  bag  thus  altered  is  altered  by  weight. 

19.  Weighing  Cement.     The  Inspector  shall  weigh  one  bag 
in  forty  as  the  cement  is  received,  in  order  to  check  weights. 
Every  facility  must  be  given  to  the  Inspector  to  properly  supervise 
the  process  of  weighing. 

20.  Additional  Cement.     In  any  of  the  mixtures  stated  in  the 
regular   specifications   for   concrete  the   Engineer  may  increase 
the  proportions  of  cement  for  special  reasons  in  particular  places. 
If  the  Engineer  insists  on  more  cement,  the  Contract  shall  be 
paid  cost  and  10%  extra. 

21.  Less  Cement.     If  cement  is  used  in  less  than  the  specified 
proportion,  the  Contractor  shall  credit  the  City  or  Owner  for 
such  difference  at  the  price  he  is  paying  for  cement. 

22.  Accepted  Cement.     The  Contractor  will  be  required  to 
keep  on  hand  a  supply  of  accepted  cement,  sufficient  to  keep 
the  work  going  until  more  is  accepted.     As  the  accepted  cement 
is  removed  from  the  storehouse  for  use  in  the  work,  the  tags  or 
labels  of  acceptance  must  be  removed  by  the  Engineer. 

23.  Storage  of  Cement.    A  suitable  place  must  be  provided 
for  the  storage  of  all  cements  (see  Part  IV,  Sec.  2,  page  21). 

24.  Destroying   Sacks.    The   following   unusual    clause  was 
taken  from  specifications  used  by  the  City  of  Cleveland,  O.: 

"  As  the  cement  is  used  each  sack  shall  be  destroyed,  and 


BRAND  AND  COMPOSITION  OF  CEMENT  5 

the  cost  of  the  sacks  destroyed  must  be  included  in  the  Con- 
tractor's bid  for  the  work." 

25.  Use  of  Fresh  Cement.  Contract  clauses  which  specify 
the  use  of  fresh  cement,  only,  should  be  discarded,  provided  the 
cement  is  properly  housed  and  kept  free  from  draughts,  as  Port- 
land cement  does  not  deteriorate  by  long  warehousing. 


2.  BRAND  AND  COMPOSITION  OF  CEMENT 

26.  Grade  of  Cement.     Only  high-grade  American  or  foreign 
cements  of  established  reputation,  which  have  been  made  by  the 
same  mill  and  process  and  used  successfully  under  similar  con- 
ditions to  those  of  the  proposed  work,  will  be  considered,  and  the 
decision  of  the  Engineer  shall  be  final. 

27.  Different  Brands  of  Cement.     The  cement  must  be  of  a 
brand  equal  in  quality  to  Atlas,   Vulcanite,   Lehigh,   Medusa, 
Marquette,  Universal,  or  a  cement  by  other  manufacturers  whose 
product  complies  with  the  required  tests  and  meets  the  approval 
of  the  Engineer.     Before  beginning  to  furnish  cement  the  Con- 
tractor shall  inform  the  Engineer  what  brand  or  brands  he  pro- 
poses to  use. 

28.  List  of  Brands  of  Cement  to  be  Furnished  Contractor. 
In  order  to  avoid  any  delay  or  useless  expense,  the  Contractor 
shall  obtain  from  the  Engineer  a  list  of  brands  of  cement  which 
will  be  received  if  they  pass  satisfactorily  the  tests  as  prescribed 
elsewhere  (see  Part  VI,  page  41),  before  placing  his  orders  for 
cement. 

29.  Requirements  for  Placing  Cement  on  Acceptable  List. 
No  cement  will  be  placed  on  the  list  of  acceptable  brands  until 
complete  and  satisfactory  tests   covering  a  period  of  at  least 
one  year  have  been  made  upon  the  same  in  an  approved  laboratory, 
nor  will  any  brand  of  cement  then  be  placed  on  this  list  or  accepted, 
unless  satisfactory  evidence  can  be  furnished  to  show  that  they 
have  been  used  successfully,  without  signs  of  deterioration,  for  a 
period  of  at  least  two  years  in  the  construction  of  important 
work,  subject  to  conditions  as  severe  as  those  of  the  proposed 
work.     In  other  words,  it  shall  be  a  cement  which  usage  has 
proven  to  possess  the  proper  qualifications  and  uniformity  for 
the  work  intended. 


6  GENERAL  CONDITIONS  GOVERNING  USE  OF  CEMENT 

30.  Unknown   Brand    of    Cement.      Should    the    Contractor 
desire  to  use  a  brand  of  cement  not  known  to  the  Engineer  to 
have  a  reputation  for  uniformity  and  strength,  he  shall  submit 
such    samples    of  it    as    the  Engineer    may  desire;    and    such 
length  of  time  as  the  Engineer  may  deem  necessary  will  be  taken 
to  inquire  into  the  merits  of  the  cement  proposed  for  use.     If 
the  result  of  said  examination  is  satisfactory  to  the  Engineer, 
the  cement  will  be  taken  upon  the  requirements  specified  herein 
(see    Part   VI,  page   41),    but  should  said   examination    prove 
unsatisfactory,  the  cement  will  not  be  used  upon  the  work,  no 
matter  whether  it  shows  the  tensile  strengths  herein  required 
or  not. 

31.  No  Change  in  Brand  of  Cement  Desired.     It  is  desirable 
that  no  change  in  the  brand  or  quality  of  cement  be  made  through- 
out the  work,  and  considerable  preference  will  be  given  to  that 
cement  whose  makers  can  guarantee   to  supply  regularly  and 
on  time  the  entire  quantity  required.     After  a  brand  of  cement 
has  been  accepted  by  the  Engineer  and  the  Contractor  has  pur- 
chased the  same,  no  other  brand  will  be  permitted  upon  the  work 
except  by  special  permission  of  the  Engineer.     This  clause  is 
to  prevent  the  frequent  change  of  brands,  which  is  always  harm- 
ful to  the  work  and  causes  delay  in  testing.     In  other  words, 
only  one  brand  of  cement  should  be  used  on  the  work,  except 
for  good  and  sufficient  reasons. 

32.  Use  of  Cement  Limited  to  Three  Brands.     Unless  other- 
wise permitted,  not  more  than  three  brands  shall  be  used  in  the 
whole  work  and  only  one  brand  shall  be  used  at  the  same  time 
in  any  section  of  the  work,  this  provision  being  intended  to  pre- 
vent mixing  of  brands,  but  it  shall  not  operate  to  prevent  two 
brands  being  used  in  succession  on  the  same  day. 

33.  Color.     If  more  than  one  brand  is  used  the  colors  must 
be  such  as  not  to  show  marked  variations  in  appearance  of  the 
completed  work. 

34.  Brand  to  be  Approved.     Before  any  cement  will  be  allowed 
to  be  used,  the  brand  and  name  of  the  maker  must  be  submitted 
to   and  receive  the    appro vad  of  the  Engineer.     No  brand   of 
cement    shall   be   used   in   any    concrete   work   which    has   not 
been    accepted  or  approved  in  writing  by  the   Engineer,  such 
acceptance  or   approval   to  be  based   upon  regular  tests,  where 
possible. 


BRAND  AND  COMPOSITION  OF  CEMENT  7 

35.  Short-time  Tests.      Where  a  standard  brand  of  cement 
is  used  which  has  been  used  in  similar  work  and  found  satisfactory, 
it  will  be  approved  on  short-time  tests.     If  the  results  of  such 
short-time  tests  are  not  satisfactory,  or  where  the  cement  is  a 
new  brand,  the  quality  of  which  has  not  been  established,  the 
Engineer  reserves  the  right  to  withhold  the  use  of  such  cement 
until  any  or  all  of  the  prescribed  tests  may  be  made. 

36.  Prohibiting   Use    of    Questionable    Cement.     Short-time 
tests  on  cement  are  not  always   conclusive  on  a  questionable 
cement,   and    long-time   tests    being   impracticable  when  work 
is  in  progress,  the  Engineer  reserves  the  right  to  prohibit  the  use 
of  any  cement  which  has  been  known  to  give  questionable  results 
in  service  in  other  work.     Brands  of  cement  without  established 

good  reputation,  or  not  heretofore  used  in  the  City  of 

may  be  rejected;   or  they  will  be  accepted  only  after  they  satis- 
factorily pass  the  twenty-eight  (28)  day  test. 

37.  Failure  of  Brand.     The  failure  of  a  shipment  of  cement 
on  any  work  to  meet  the  prescribed  requirements  may  prohibit 
further  use  of  the  same  brand  on  that  work  or  should  any  brand 
of  cement  fail  to  maintain  a  uniform  standard  of  strength  and 
quality,  said  failure  will  also  justify  the  rejection  of  any  subse- 
quent shipment  of  the  same  brand  of  cement.     The  Engineer 
reserves  the  right  to  suspend  or  cancel  the  use  of  any  brand 
that   in  his   opinion  may  develop  objectionable  qualities  after 
acceptance. 

38.  Composition.     If  required,  the  Contractor  shall  furnish 
a  certified  statement  of  the  chemical  composition  of  the  cement 
and  of  the  raw  material  from  which  it  is  manufactured, 


3.  SILICA  CEMENT  OR  SAND  CEMENT 

39.  Manufacture.  Silica  cement  or  sand  cement  is  a  patented 
article  manufactured  by  grinding  together  silica  or  clean  sand 
with  Portland  cement,  by  which  process  the  original  cementing 
material  is  made  extremely  fine  and  its  capacity  to  cover  surfaces 
of  concrete  aggregates  is  much  increased.  Sand  cement  made 
from  equal  weights  of  cement  and  sand  approximates  in 
tensile  strength  to  the  neat  cement  and  the  material  is  sold 
as  cement. 


8  GENEEAL  CONDITIONS  GOVERNING  USE  OF  CEMENT 

40.  Preparation.     Sand  cement  shall  not  be  purchased  in  the 
market,  but  shall  be  made  on  the  work  from  approved  materials, 
if  used  for  other  purposes  than  for  grouting,  for  which  it  is  pecul- 
iarly adapted. 

41.  Specifications.    The  silica  cements  are  in  a  class  by  them- 
selves and  need  special  specifications. 


PART  II 

FURNISHING  CEMENT  TO  THE  CONTRACTOR 
1.  GENERAL  REQUIREMENTS 

42.  In  General.    Cement,  unless  otherwise  specified  in  con- 
tracts for  masonry,  brickwork,  concrete,  etc.,  will  be  furnished 
by  the  City  or  Owner  on  cars  as  near  as  practicable  to  the  site 
of  the  work;    but  the  Contractor  shall  in  all  cases  unload,  haul 
and  provide  for  safely  storing  it  at  the  site  of  the  work. 

43.  Charging  Cement  to  the  Contractor.     (Alternate  Clause). 
The  cement  for  the  work  has  been  purchased  by  the  City  or 

Owner.     The  same  is  the brand  and  will  be  charged 

to  the  Contractor  at   ($....)  dollars  per  barrel,  sacks 

included. 

44.  Contract  Regarding  Sacks.    The  contract  regarding  the 
sacks  reads  as  follows:    "  Cement  to  be  packed  in  cloth  sacks, 
four  sacks  to  the  barrel.     Cloth  sacks  to  be  paid  for  on  the  same 
terms  as  cement.     The  Cement  Company  will  purchase  empty 

sacks  bearing  ' '  brand  from  the  original  purchaser 

at  ten  cents  each  on  their  receipt  at  its  works  in  good  condition, 
subject  to  its  count  and  inspection.     Empty  sacks  must  be  returned 

within  ninety  days  to  the Cement  Co., , 

,  freight  prepaid  and  must  be  properly  packed  and 

so  marked  as  to  insure  complete  identification.     The  Cement 
Company  does  not  purchase  worthless  sacks  or  sacks  of  other 
brands  than " 

45.  Credit  for  Empty  Sacks.     The  Contractor  will  be  held 
responsible  for  the  return  of  the  full  number  of  empty  sacks  to 
the  railway  station,  in  as  good  condition  as  when  received,  less 
unavoidable  wear,  and  will  be  charged  for  all  lost  or  damaged 
sacks  at  the  same  rate  as  paid  by  the  City  or  Owner.     In  other 
words,  the  City  or  Owner  will  credit  the  account  of  the  Con- 

9 


10  FURNISHING  CEMENT  TO  THE  CONTRACTOR 

tractor  for  all  credits  sent  by  the  above  Cement  Company  for 
sacks  returned  according  to  the  conditions  cited  above.  The 
sacks  must  be  shipped  back  by  freight,  in  exact  accord  with  the 
requirements  of  the  Cement  Company.  Cement  sacks  will  be 
purchased  only  from  the  parties  to  whom  they  were  originally 
shipped  filled  with  cement.  The  Cement  Company  will  not 
purchase  sacks  bearing  their  brands  from  junk  dealers,  or,  in  fact, 
from  any  parties  other  than  the  original  purchasers. 

Empty  sacks  to  be  returned  should  be  safely  tied  in  bundles 
of  ten  or  fifteen — giving  the  name  of  the  sender. 

46.  Care   of   Empty   Sacks.    Whenever  cement  is  delivered 
to  the  Contractor  in  sacks  other  than  paper,  the  Contractor 
will  be  required  to  return  said  sacks  in  good  condition.     Care 
shall  be  taken  to  have  all  empty  sacks  collected  and  kept  dry 
with  as  little  damage  as  possible  so  that  they  may  be  returned 
to  the  parties  from  whom  the  cement  was  purchased  and  due 
credit  thus  obtained.     Any  sacks  destroyed  or  lost  will  be  charged 
to  the  Contractor  at  the  rate  of  10  cents  per  sack. 

47.  Delivery  of  Cement.     The  cement  furnished  to  the  Con- 
tractor will  be  delivered  in  carload  lots  on  board  the  cars  at  the 
railroad   station   located   most    convenient   to   the   work.     The 
Contractor  will  be  held  responsible  for  any  damage  done  to  the 
cement  from  the  time  of  its  delivery  or  cars  until  it  is  accepted 
in  the  completed  work. 

48.  Demurrage.     The    Contractor    will    be    responsible    for 
demurrage  to  the  railroad  company,  and  shall  haul  the  cement 
from  the  railroad  to  the  work.     The  Contractor  will  be  expected 
to  keep  himself  informed  of  the  arrival  of  cement  at  the  railroad 
freight  station,  and  in  every  case  he  will  be  held  responsible  for 
demurrage  charges  and  all  other  expenses  incidental  to  unloading 
freight  cars  and  hauling  from  the  freight  yard. 

All  cars  should  be  unloaded  immediately,  unless  there  is  a 
good  reason  for  not  doing  so,  as  in  cases  of  damage  or  shortage, 
as  a  demurrage  charge  is  made  by  the  Railroads,  for  cars 
held  more  than  forty-eight  hours  after  they  are  placed  on  the 
siding. 

49.  Storage  of  Cement.     The  Contractor  shall  furnish  suitable 
warehouses  or  sheds  for  storing  the  cement  until  used,  and  will 
be  responsible  for  any  loss  of  or  injury  to  cement  after  its  delivery 
at  the  railroad  station.     In  no  case  will  the  Contractor  be  per- 


UNNECESSARY  USE  AND  WASTE  OF  CEMENT          11 

mitted  to  retain  box  cars  on  the  work  for  the  storage  of  cement. 
(See  Part  IV,  Sec.  2,  page  21.) 

50.  Verifying  Bills.     Contractor   must  check  and  verify  all 
bills  for  cement  furnished  by  the  City  or  Owner. 

51.  Notifying  Engineer  when  Cement  is  Wanted.     The  Con- 
tractor must  give  the  Engineer  at  least  thirty  days'  notice  as  to 
when  he  wants  the  cement  delivered,  and  shall  state  his  require- 
ments in  not  less  than  single  carload  lots. 

2.  UNNECESSARY  USE  AND  WASTE  OF  CEMENT 

52.  In  General.     The  amount  of  cement  furnished  the  Con- 
tractor which  is  unnecessarily  used  or  wasted  and  damaged  shall 
be  computed  as  follows: 

53.  Deduction  for   Excess.     If   any   concrete  structures   are 
built  larger  than  ordered,  so  that  in  the  aggregate  the  volume 
of  concrete  in  any  part  of  the  work  exceeds  that  contained  within 
the  lines  given,  by  more  than  five  (5)  per  cent,  the  Engineer 
shall  make  an  estimate  of  the  amount  of  cement  contained  in 
the  concrete  in  excess  of  the  volume  contained  within  the  lines 
given  for  the  work  or  that  part  thereof  built  larger  than  ordered, 
and  shall  charge  it  to  the  Contractor;    but  otherwise  no  deduc- 
tion shall  be  made  for  cement  used  in  masonry  built  larger  than 
ordered. 

54.  Cement  Charged  to   Contractor.    The  Contractor  shall 
further  be  charged  with  the  cement  required  for  making  con- 
crete to  replace  any  and  all  concrete  rejected,  removed  and  replaced 
with  new  concrete  under  these  specifications.     The  Contractor 
shall  also  be  charged  with  all  cement  in  concrete  abandoned 
before  being  placed,  when  work  is  stopped  at  noon  or  at  night 
or  on  account  of  rain  or  otherwise;    with  cement  in  concrete 
spoiled   or   lost,   in   mixing   and   in  transmission;    with   cement 
spoiled  or  wasted  in  transit  from  the  storehouse  to  the  work  or 
on  the  work,  and  cement  spilled  or  spoiled  in  the  storehouse  for 
any  reason  whatever,  and  for  all  losses  of  cement  of  every  descrip- 
tion in  connection  with  the  work;    provided,  however,  that  if 
the  work  is  handled  with  due  care  to  prevent  such  waste  and 
loss,  and  if  all  such  losses  in  the  aggregate  amount  to  two  (2) 
per  cent  or  less  of  the  gross  amount  of  cement  used  these  specifica- 
tions, no  deduction  shall  be  made. 


PART  III 
PURCHASE  OF  CEMENT  FROM  MANUFACTURERS 

1.  PURCHASE  TESTS  AND  REQUIREMENTS 

55.  In  General.     Purchase  tests  on  samples  furnished  by  the 
bidder  shall  be  made  to  ascertain  whether  the  bidder  may  be 
held  on  the  sample  to  the  delivery  of  suitable  material,  should 
his  bid  be  accepted. 

56.  Brand  of  Cement.    Bidders  will  state  the  brand  of  cement 
which  they  propose  to  furnish.     The  cement  must  be  of  brands 
in  successful  use  on  large  engineering  works  in  America  for  at 
least  five  years  and  come  from  mills  in  successful  operation  for 
at  least  two  years. 

57.  Reputation  of  Manufacturers.     Proposals  shall  be  limited 
to   manufacturers    of    cement    of   established   repute.     Lack   of 
commercial  standing  on  the  part  of  the  bidder  will  constitute 
good  and  sufficient  ground  for  the  rejection  of  his  bid.     Cement 
will  be  accepted  from  reliable  manufacturers  of  well-established 
reputation  only. 

58.  Known  Brand  of  Cement.     Sample   packages   may   not 
be  required  with  the  proposal  when  the  brand  is  known  to  the 
Engineer    by    previous    use.     Acceptance    tests,   however,   shall 
be  based  upon  the  known  qualities  of  the  brand  as  shown  by 
previous  tests. 

59.  Unknown  Brand  of  Cement.    When  the  cement  is  not 
known  to  the  Engineer  by  previous  use,  a  barrel  of  it  shall  be 
required  as  representing  the  quality  of  cement  to  be  supplied. 
A  full  set  of  tests  shall  be  made  from  this  sample,  and  subsequent 
deliveries  shall  be  required  to  show  quality  at  least  equal  to  the 
same. 

60.  Tenders.     Tenders   will   be   received   only  from   manu- 
facturers or  their  authorized  agents. 

12 


PURCHASE  TESTS  AND  REQUIREMENTS  13 

61.  Samples.     Prior  to  the  award  of  contracts,  parties  wish- 
ing to  be  considered  will  submit  samples  duly  marked  for  identifica- 
tion, and  each  guaranteed  to  be  an  average  sample  of  the  cement 
to  be  furnished  in  the  event  of  the  award.     The  samples  will 
be  used  for  preliminary  tests  and  also  preserved  for  comparison 
with  the  cement  delivered  for  use.     In  case  of  rejection,  sample 
upon  which  test  is  based  to  be  held  for  one  month  at  the  disposal 
of  the  shipper. 

62.  Sampling  Cement  Submitted  by  Bidder.     The   sample 
barrel  of  cement  shall  not  be  broken  further  than  to  take  there- 
from the  necessary  samples  for  testing.     Afterwards  it  shall  be 
put  away  in  a  dry  place  and  kept  for  further  testing,  should  the 
results  obtained  be  disputed. 

63.  Method  of  Testing  Cement.    All  tests  shall  be  made  in 
accordance  with  the  methods  proposed  by  the  Committee  on 
Uniform   Tests   of   Cement   of  the    American   Society   of   Civil 
Engineers,  presented  to  the  society  Jan.  21,  1903,  and  amended 
Jan.  20,   1904,  with  all  subsequent  amendments  thereto.     (See 
also  Part  VII,  page  51.) 

64.  Cost  of  Testing  Cement.     Parties  making  propositions 
for  furnishing  cement  will  include  in  their  prices  a  sum  suf- 
ficient to  cover  the  cost  of  having  the  cement  regularly  sampled 
and  tested  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  the  Engineer. 

65.  Information   Required.    All    desired    information    as    to 
place,  materials  and  method  of  manufacture  shall  be  furnished 
whenever  desired  by  the  Engineer. 

66.  Aeration    of    Cement.     Manufacturers    must    guarantee 
that  all  cement  has  been  seasoned  or  subjected  aeration  at  least 
thirty  days  before  leaving  the  works. 

67.  Delivery  of  Cement.     Cement  shall  be  delivered  in  such 
quantities  and  at  such  times  as  the  City  or  Owner  may  direct, 
unloaded  in  a  warehouse  which  shall  be  located  within  the  limits 

of  the  City  of ,  and  no  extra  charge  shall  be  made 

for  storage  or  delivery.     A  man  satisfactory  to  the  City  or  Owner 
shall  be   furnished  by  the   Contractor  to   assist  in  unloading. 
(See  Part  IV,  page  18). 

68.  Empty  Sacks.     The  sacks  to  be  the  property  of  the  City 
or  Owner,  and  each  bidder  shall  state  in  connection  with  his 
bid,  the  price  per  cloth  sack  he  will  pay  for  each  empty  sack 
delivered  at  the  warehouse  aforesaid. 


14      PURCHASE  OF  CEMENT  FROM  MANUFACTURERS 

69.  Rights    Reserved.      The   right   is   reserved   to   reject   a 
tender  for  any  brand  of  cement  which  has  not  established  itself 

as  a  high-grade  cement  and  which  has  not  given 

satisfaction  in  use  under  climatic  or  other  conditions  of  exposure 
of  at  least  equal  severity  to  those  of  the  work  proposed.  The 
right  is  also  reserved  to  reject  any  cement  submitted  by  the  bid- 
der not  equal  in  quality  to  the  standard  mentioned  elsewhere. 
(See  Part  VI,  page  41.) 


2.  ACCEPTANCE  TESTS  AND  REQUIREMENTS 

70.  In  General.     Acceptance  tests  on  samples  taken  at  random 
from  deliveries  shall  be  made  to  ascertain  whether  the  cement 
supplied  accords  with  the  purchase  sample,  or  is  suitable  for  the 
purpose  of  the  work,  as  stated  in  the  specifications  for  cement 
supplies.     If  the  purchase  sample  shows  higher  tests  than  those 
above,  the  average  of  tests  made  on  subsequent  shipments  must 
come  up  to  those  found  with  the  sample. 

71.  Quality    of    Cement  Furnished.     The    standard    of    the 
cement  furnished  by  the  manufacturer  shall  be  maintained  in 
quality,    burning,    fineness,    chemical    analysis,    physical    tests, 
and  in  every  respect  equal  to  the  sample  accepted. 

72.  Testing  Cement  Furnished  According  to  Contract.    An 
agent  of  the  manufacturer  may  be  present  at  the  making  of  any 
tests,  or,  in  case  of  the  failure  of  any  of  them,  they  may  be  repeated 
in  his  presence.     If  the  manufacturer  so  desires,  the  Engineer 
may,  if  he  deems  it  to  the  interest  of  the  City  or  Owner,  have 
any  or  all  of  the  tests  made  or  repeated  at  some  recognized 
standard  testing  laboratory  in  the  manner  specified  elsewhere 
(see  Part  VII,  page  51).     All  expenses  of  such  tests  shall  be  paid 
by  the  manufacturer,  and  all  such  tests  shall  be  made  on  samples 
furnished  by  the  Engineer  from  cement  actually  delivered  to  him. 

73.  Sampling  Cement.     Cement  from  one  barrel  out  of  each 
lot  of  ten  barrels  of  a  shipment  shall  be  tested  or  if  so  required 
by  the  Engineer,  samples  for  testing  may  be  taken  from  each 
and  every  barrel  delivered.     (See  Part  V,  Sec.  2,  page  27.) 

74.  Manufacturer  Furnishing  Result  of  Tests.     The  cement 
companies  shall  send  with  every  shipment  of  cement  a  sworn 
statement  showing  the  result  of  seven-day  and  twenty-eight-day 


ACCEPTANCE  TESTS  AND  REQUIREMENTS  15 

tests,  using  one  part  of  cement  to  three  parts  of  sand,  by  weight, 
in  making  briquettes.  Cement  from  one  barrel  out  of  each  lot  of 
ten  barrels  of  a  shipment  shall  be  tested  by  the  manufacturer. 

75.  Physical  Tests,  where  Made.     The  above  tests  shall  be 
made  by  a  firm  of  cement  testers,  satisfactory  to  the  Engineer, 
and  each  barrel  of  a  shipment  shall  be  stamped  with  the  initials 
of  the  cement  tester,  the  date  when  cement  was  tested,  and  the 
number  of  the  barrel.     (See  Part  V,  Sec.  4,  page  31.) 

76.  Chemical  Analysis    of    Cement.      A    chemical    analysis 
of  the  cement  shall  be  made  by  a  chemist  satisfactory  to  the 
Engineer  and  all  expenses  of  said  analysis  shall  be  borne  by  the 
cement  company  furnishing  the  cement,  or  its  agent. 

77.  Limits   of  Accuracy.      Chemical   determinations   will   be 
considered  accurate  to  the  nearest  tenth  of  a  per  cent;    tensile 
tests  to  the  nearest  ten  pounds.     Within  these  limits  must  meet 
the  requirements  of  specifications  or  the  cement  will  be  rejected. 
There  will  be  no  retests. 

78.  Mill  Inspection  and  Tests.     The  Engineer  is  to  be  given 
by  the  manufacturer  all  facilities  required  by  him  to  inspect  the 
mill  where  the  cement  to  be  furnished  under  this  contract  is 
being  manufactured;   or  to  examine  at  all  times  the  plant  of  any 
part  thereof,   or  any  material  used  in  the  manufacturing  proc- 
ess, or  the  methods   employed  in   the  production  and  handling 
of  the  cements.     (See  Part  V,  Sec.  5,  page  34.) 

79.  Tools,   Labor,  etc.     The  manufacturer  is  to  furnish  to 
the  Engineer  the  use  of  such  instruments,  tools  and  implements, 
and  materials  and  labor  required  in  the  opinion  of  the  Engineer 
to  satisfactorily  carry  on  the  necessary  inspection  and  tests. 

80.  Compensation    for    Mill    Inspection    and    Tests.    The 
manufacturer  is  not  to  claim  any  extra  compensation  for  any 
services  thus  rendered  for  the  purpose  of  mill  inspection  and 
tests,  but  it  is  understood  and  agreed  that  the  price  of  his  proposal 
covers  all  such  services  and  cost  of  material  and  labor. 

81.  Weight.     All  cement  shall  be  packed  in  barrels  or  in  sacks, 
four  sacks  per  barrel  for  Portland  and  Puzzolan,   and  two  or 
three  sacks  per  barrel  for  Natural  cement;   380  Ibs.  net  of  Port- 
land cement,  330  Ibs.  net  of  Puzzolan  and  300  Ibs.  (west  of  the 
Allegheny  Mountains  this  may  be  265  Ibs.)  net  of  Natural  cement 
shall  be  considered  a  barrel,  and  all  cement  accepted  shall  be  paid 
for  on  this  basis. 


16   PUECHASE  OF  CEMENT  FROM  MANUFACTURERS 

82.  Shortage.     The  packages  shall  be  of  full  specified  weight. 
If  the  average  net  weight,  as  determined  by  test  weighings,  is 
found  to  be  below  the  required  weight  per  barrel,  the  cement  may 
be  rejected,  or,  at  the  option  of  the  Engineer,  the  manufacturer 
may  be  required  to  supply  free  of  cost  to  the  City  or  Owner  an 
additional  amount  of  cement  equal  to  the  shortage. 

83.  Damaged  Cement.     Any  packages  in  which  the  cement 
has  been  damaged  by  moisture  before  delivery  to  the  City  or 
Owner,  will  be  rejected,  and,  if  numerous,  the  whole  carload  or 
boatload  may,   at  the  discretion  of  the  Engineer,   be  rejected 
without  further  test. 

84.  Rejected  Cement.    All  cement  rejected  by  the  City  or 
Owner,  through  failure  to  stand  the  required  tests  (see  Part  VI, 
page   41),  or   for  any  other  good  and  sufficient  reason,  shall  be 
at  once  removed  at  the  expense  of  the  manufacturer.     That  is 
to  say,  cement  rejected  on  account  of  failure  to  meet  the  specified 
requirements  will  be  held  subject  to  the  order  of  the  shipper  and 
at  his  expense  for  freight  charges  to  and  from  the  point  where 
the  cement  was  to  have  been  used.     The  manufacturer  shall 
promptly  replace  said  defective  cement  with  other  cement  that 
will  satisfactorily  comply  with  the  tests. 


3.  FORM  OF  PROPOSAL  FOR  FURNISHING  CEMENT 

85.  Ordinary  Blank  Form  of  Proposal.  In  adopting  the  fol- 
lowing form  of  proposal  for  cement  the  author  has  adopted  what 
seems  to  be  a  rational  subdivision,  and  one  that  does  not  depart 
materi  lly  from  established  forms  in  general  use. 

PROPOSAL  FOR  FURNISHING  CEMENT 


,  191.. 

HONORABLE  BOARD  OF  COMMISSIONERS  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF 
PUBLIC  WORKS  OF  THE  CITY  OF : 

GENTLEMEN: ,    the   undersigned,    propose   to   furnish, 

under  the  above  specifications  (or  the  accompanying  specifica- 
tions), on  the  work,  when  ordered  by  the  Engineer,  Portland 
cement  and  Natural  cement  for  the  following  prices.  The  net 


FORM  OF  PROPOSAL  FOR  FURNISHING  CEMENT       17 

weights  given  are  the  net  weights  of  each  brand  and  package 
of  cement: 

For brand  of  Portland  cement  in  cloth  sacks  at  $.  .  .  . 

per  barrel  of  ....  Ibs. 

Above  brand  in  paper  sacks  at  $ ....  per  barrel  of 

For brand  of  Portland  cement  in  cloth  sacks  at  $. . . . 

per  barrel  of Ibs. 

Above  brand  in  paper  sacks  at  $ ....  per  barrel  of 

For brand  of  Portland  cement  in  cloth  sacks  at  $.  .  .  . 

per  barrel  of  ....  Ibs. 

Above  brand  in  paper  sacks  at  $ ....  per  barrel  of 

For brand  of  Natural  cement  in  paper  sacks  at  $.  . .  . 

per  barrel  of  ....  Ibs. 

For brand  of  Natural  cement  in  paper  sacks  at  $.  .  .  . 

per  barrel  of  ....  Ibs. 

Quantity  required,  ....  to  ....  bbls. 

Times  of  delivery,    ....   to   ....  bbls.  per  week,  as  may 

be  required  by  the  Engineer;    first  lot  to  be  delivered   

Place  of  delivery,  F.O.B.,  cars  on  track  at  City  Yard. 
The  following  Blanks  are  to  be  filled  by  the  Bidder: 

Place  of  manufacture 

Date  of  manufacture 

A  rebate  of cents  will  be  allowed  for  the  return  of  all 

cloth  sacks  in  good  shape. 

Enclosed  please  find  certified  check  on    bank  for 

Two  Hundred  and  Fifty  ($250.00)  Dollars,  payable  to  the  City  of 

,  which  will  be  forfeited  to  the  City  of should 

being  the  successful  bidder,  fail  to  make  approved  bond 

for  the  faithful  performance  of  the  contract. 
Respectfully  submitted, 


Any  alteration  of  this  sheet  will  invalidate  tender. 

Tenders  will  be  received  not  later  than ,  addressed 

to  Honorable  Board  of  Commissioners  of  the  Department  of 
Public  Works,  City  Hall, 


City  Engineer. 


PART  IV 
DELIVERY  AND  STORAGE  OF  CEMENT 

1.  DELIVERY  OF  CEMENT 

86.  In  General.     All  cement  must  be  furnished  in  the  origina 
package,  either  in  first-class  barrels  or  in  stout  paper,  cloth  or 
canvas  bags,  which  shall  be  plainly  marked  with  the  brand  or 
trademark   of   the   manufacturer   of   the   cement.     It   must   be 
delivered  in  good  condition,  perfectly  dry  and  free  from  lumps. 
No  cement  without  the  maker's  brand  will  be  received.     The 
cement  shall  be  furnished  in  unbroken  packages. 

87.  Aeration  of  Cement.     No  cement  shall  be  shipped  until 
at  least  thirty  (30)  days  after  its  manufacture,  except  that  in 
case  of  an  emergency,  and  with  the  approval  of  the  Engineer, 
a  shorter  time  may  be  allowed,  but  if  the  cement  shows  indica- 
tions of  unsoundness,  a  longer  time  may  be  required. 

88.  Certificate  from  Manufacturer.     The  manufacturer  shall 
give  a  written  certificate  with  each  shipment  of  cement,  stating 
(1)  the  date  of  manufacture;    (2)  the  tests  and  analyses  which 
have  been  obtained  at  the  manufacturer's  laboratory  for  cement 
taken  from  the  day's  grinding,  of  which  the  shipment  forms  a 
part;    (3)  that  the  cement  does  not  contain  any  adulteration. 

88a.  Chemical  Analysis.  For  each  lot  of  500  barrels,  or 
more,  the  Contractor  shall  supply  a  certified  chemical  analysis 
from  the  mill  of  a  mixed  sample  of  the  cement  taken  from  any 
ten  barrels.  If  the  cement  is  supplied  in  bags,  a  chemical  analysis 
of  an  amount  equivalent  to  that  specified  for  barrels  shall  be 
furnished. 

89.  Responsibility  for  Delivery.     In  all  cases  the  Contractor 
shall  be  responsible  for  the  delivery  of  the  cement  in  good  con- 
dition at  the  place  of  consignment.     The  cement  must  be  pro- 
tected during  transportation  from  rain  and  moisture. 

18 


DELIVERY  OF  CEMENT  19 

90.  Deterioration  of  Cement  in  Transit.     To  guard  against 
deterioration  the  packages,  shall  be  received  unbroken  and  dry 
and   the   cement   shall   be   of   good   appearance   and   free   from 
injurious  lumpiness. 

91.  Packages.     No  cement  will  be  inspected  or  allowed  to 
be  used  unless  delivered  in  suitable  packages  properly  branded. 
These  packages  may  be  either  barrels  or  bags,  but  must  be  well 
protected  in  either  case  from  air  and  moisture.     The  packages 
shall  be  of  full  specified  weight.     Any  broken  packages  may  be 
rejected  or  used  at  the  option  of  the  Engineer. 

92.  Meaning   of    Original  Packages.     Original    packages    in 
these  specifications  means  the  bags  or  barrels  coming  from  the 
mill  with  the  maker's  name  thereon.     It  will  be  insisted  upon  that 
each  package  be  plainly  labeled  with  the  name  of  the  brand  and 
of  the  manufacturer. 

93.  Mixing  of  Brands.     All  barrels  or  sacks  must  have  the 
brand    and    maker's    name    distinctly    marked.     No    mixing    of 
brands  will  be  allowed. 

94.  Capacity   of  Packages.     A  bag  of  cement  shall  contain 
ninety-four  (94)  pounds  of  cement,  net.     Each  barrel  of  Port- 
land cement  shall  contain  four  (4)  bags  of  the  above  net  weight. 
Each  barrel  of  natural  cement  shall  contain  three  (3)   bags  of 
the  above  net  weight.      A  cement  bag  may  be  assumed  to  weigh 
one  pound. 

95.  Packing  and  Variation  in  Weight.      The   gross   weight 
must  be  marked  on  the  barrels.     In  case  the  cement  is  wanted 
in  barrels  of  different  weight  or  in  sacks,  the  gross  weight  must 
likewise  be  plainly  marked  thereon.     Leakage,  as  well  as  possible 
variations  in  individual  cases,  are  allowable  to  an  extent  of  two 
(2%)   per  cent.     Provided,   however,   that  not  more  than  five 
(5%)  per  cent   of    any  portion  of  a  shipment  falls  more  than 
two   (2%)   per  cent  in  weight  below  the  standard  or  specified 
weight.     If  such  a  variation  in  weight  occurs,  it  will  be  cause  for 
rejection  of  the  entire  lot. 

96.  Delivery  of  Cement  in  Barrels.     Each  barrel  must   be 
properly  lined  with  paper  or  other  material  so  as  to  effectually 
protect  the  cement  from  dampness.     Any  cement  damaged  by 
water  to  such  an  extent  that  the  damage  can  be  ascertained  from 
the  outside  will  be  rejected  in  toto  and  the  barrels  unopened. 
Barrels   containing   a   large   proportion   of  lumps   will   also   be 


20       DELIVERY  AND  STORAGE  OF  CEMENT 

rejected.     Broken  barrels  of  cement,  if  otherwise  satisfactory, 
will  be  counted  as  half-barrels. 

97.  Delivery  of  Cement  in  Cloth  Sacks.     The  cement  shall 
be  put  up  in  stout  cloth  or  canvas  sacks.     The  sacks  shall  be 
of  good  quality  and  sound.     Sacks  made  of  open  material,  or 
worn,  will  with  their  contents  be  rejected.     That  is  to  say,  any 
sacks  broken  or  containing  damaged  cement  may  be  rejected 
or    accepted    as    a    fractional    sack,    at    the    option     of    the 
Engineer. 

98.  Delivery  of  Cement  in  Paper  Sacks.     The  cement  must 
be  furnished  in  strong,  perfect  paper  sacks. 

99.  Time    of   Delivery.     The    Contractor    shall    furnish    the 
cement  upon  the  work  at  least  ten  (10)  days  before  it  is  to  be 
used,  in  order  that  time  may  be  given  to  make  the  necessary 
tests.     That  is  to  say,  cement  must  be  on  hand  for  testing  in 
time  to  complete  all  tests  before  the  cement  is  required  for  use 
in  the  work,  which  shall  not  be  more  than  ten  days. 

100.  Delivery  of  Cement  at  Warehouse.    All  cement  required 
on  the  work  shall  be  delivered  in  such  quantities  and  at  such  times 
as  the  Engineer  may  direct,  unloaded  in  a  warehouse  or  a  shed 
suitable  for  storing  cement,  and  no  extra  charge  shall  be  made 
by  the  Contractor  for  storage  or  delivery. 

101.  Notice   of  Delivery.     The   Contractor  shall  notify  the 
Engineer  when  deliveries  are  to  be  made  a  sufficient  time  in  advance 
so  as  to  allow  the  Engineer  to  have  a  representative  present  to 
sample  the  cement;   or  he  shall  rehandle  the  cement  in  the  store- 
house for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  samples,  as  directed  by  the 
Engineer.     The  Contractor  shall  promptly  notify  the  Engineer 
of  receipt  of   consignments.     The   Engineer  should  be  notified 
of  each  delivery  of  cement,  at  least  two  weeks  before  it  will  be 
needed  in  the  work. 

102.  Delay  in  Delivery.      Delay  in  the  delivery  of  cement 
may  prohibit  the  use  of  the  same  brand  upon  the  works,  if  such 
delay  causes  inconvenience  in  the  execution  of  the  work. 

103.  Unloading  Cars.     Cement  which  is  delivered  on  board 
cars  must  be  unloaded  promptly  and  properly  stored,  and  the 
cars  returned  to  the  Railroad  Company's  service.     In  no  case 
will  it  be  permitted  to  retain  box  cars  on  the  work  for  the  storage 
of  cement.     Cars  which  may  be  held  shall  be  charged  to  the 
Contractor  for  each  day  after  the  second  so  held  unloaded. 


STORAGE  OF  CEMENT  21 

104.  Bills  of  Lading.     All  original  bills  of  lading  shall  be 
accessible  to  the  Engineer  at  all  times.     That  is  to  say,  the 
Contractor  must  furnish  to  the  City  or  its  Engineer  the  original 
invoices  of  all  shipments,  if  so  requested. 

105.  Copy    of    Mill    Tests.     The    Contractor    must    furnish 
to  the  City  or  Owner  authentic  copies  of  the  manufacturer's  mill 
tests  of  each  shipment. 

106.  Rejection.     Cement    showing    signs    of    damage  from 
moisture  or  other  causes,   such  as  caking,   lumpiness   or    other 
defects  may  be  rejected  without  testing. 


2.  STORAGE  OF  CEMENT 

107.  In  General.     The  Contractor   shall   be  responsible  for 
the  proper  care  of  the  cement  after  it  has  been  received  and 
stored,  and  any  cement  injured  through  carelessness  or  neglect 
shall  be  rejected  promptly  by  the  Engineer  or  the  Inspector  in 
charge.     The   cement  must   be  protected   from   moisture    until 
used.     Piling  sacks  directly  on  ground  will  not  be  permitted. 
Great  care  must  be  exercised  to  protect  the  cement  against  moist- 
ure and  drafts.     No  cement  in  cloth  sacks  may  be  used  unless 
properly  housed.     If  the  cement  is  to  be  stored  in  a  damp  place 
or  near  the  sea,  it  must  be  packed  in  well-made  wooden  barrels 
lined  with  paper.     Cement  must  never  be  placed  on  the  ground 
without  proper  blockings. 

108.  Deterioration  of  Cement  in  Storage.     To  guard  against 
deterioration  the  cement  shall  be  stored  in  dry,  well-ventilated 
buildings  and  protected  from  moisture.     It  may  be  rejected  for 
such  deterioration,  after  passing  the  required  tests.     In  all  cases 
where  cement  has  been  long  stored  it  shall  be  carefully  tested 
before     use     to     ascertain     whether     it     has     deteriorated     in 
strength. 

109.  Housing.     Cement  shall  be  stored  in  dry,  well-ventilated 
buildings  for  work  of  any  magnitude;   and  for  work  of  less  impor- 
tance it  shall  be  safely  stored  and  protected  from  moisture  in 
any  form. 

110.  Weather-tight    Shed    or    Storehouse.     All    cement    for 
use  in  the  work  shall  be  stored  (unless  otherwise  specified)  in  a 


22       DELIVERY  AND  STORAGE  OF  CEMENT 

weather-tight  shed  or  building  provided  by  the  Contractor  for 
that  purpose,  near  the  concrete  mixer  or  mixers.  The  store- 
house shall  be  raised  at  least  six  inches  above  the  ground  so  as 
to  keep  the  cement  dry,  and  the  sides  and  roof  shall  be  water- 
tight to  protect  the  cement  from  rain  or  the  injurious  effects 
of  the  elements,  namely  air  currents  or  other  source  of  injury. 
The  house  shall  be  sufficiently  large  so  that  the  different  lots  of 
cement  can  be  kept  separate  and  readily  accessible.  The  cement 
house  shall  be  provided  with  suitable  scales  for  weighing  the 
cement. 

111.  Capacity   of  Storeroom.      The  storage  room  shall  be  so 
arranged  that  each  separate  lot  of  not  more  than  two  hundred 
(200)  barrels  can  be  stored  in  a  separate  bin  or  in  such  approved 
manner  as  to  make  it  convenient  to  identify  each  individual  lot 
in  the  case  of  its  rejection  or  in  case  of  the  necessity  for  future 
tests. 

112.  Engineer  Allowed  to  Enter  Storeroom.      The  Engineer 
and  his  authorized  representatives  shall  be  permitted  to  enter, 
at  any  time,  all  places  where  cement  is  kept. 

113.  Storage  of  Cement  in  Carload  Lots.     The  cement  shall 
be  stored  in  such  manner  as  to  enable  each  carload  lot  to  be 
kept  separate  and    be   tagged  with    car  number    and    date    of 
receipt.    One   car   load   shall   not   be  placed   immediately  upon 
another. 

114.  Storage  of  Cement  for  Sampling  and  Marking.     The 
cement  shall  be  piled  in  tiers  in  the  storehouse  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  permit  easy  access  for  proper  inspection  and  identification. 
Each  lot  or  consignment  received  must  be  piled  by  itself  and  its 
date  of  receipt  plainly  indicated.     In  other  words,  the  cement 
must  be  piled  in  such  a  manner  as  to  keep  different  consignments 
separate  and  apart  and  to  give  access  for  sampling  and  mark- 
ing to  any  bag  or  barrel  desired.     It  must  also  be  piled  up  so 
that  the  oldest  will  come  out  first.     No  sample  will  be  taken  by 
the  Inspector  until  cement  is  piled  as  herein  directed,  as  it  will  be 
his  duty  to  insist  that  it  be  stored  for  ready  removal  of  any  lot 
condemned. 

115.  Storage  of  Cement  for  Use.     Different  lots  of  cement 
must  be  kept  separate,  and  under  no  conditions  are  subsequent 
lots  of  cement  to  be  piled  upon  or  in  front  of  old  cement  already 
in  the  warehouse.     Previous  lots  of  cement  are  to  be  used  up 


STORAGE  OF  CEMENT  23 

before  taking  from  the  newer  lots,  unless  specially  directed  other- 
wise by  the  Engineer. 

116.  Ample  Supply  of  Cement  for  Testing.     The  Contractor 
shall  at  all  times  keep  in  store  a  sufficient  quantity  of  cement  to 
allow  at  least  ten  (10)  days  to  elapse  between  the  time  of  testing 
and  the  time  of  using  (holidays  and  Sundays  excluded). 

117.  Untested  Cement.     Any  untested  cement  received   on 
the  work  is  subject  to  the  same  inspection  and  tests  as  at  the  mill 
(see  Part  V,  Sec.  5,  page  34),  and  must  be  kept  separate  from 
inspected  cement. 

118.  Supply    of    Accepted    Cement.     The    Contractor    shall 
keep  in  storage  a  quantity  of  accepted  cement  sufficient  to  insure 
the   uninterrupted  progress  of  the  work. 

119.  Failure    to    Provide    Necessary   Amount    of    Approved 
Cement.     Should  the  Contractor's  work  be  delayed  by  his  failure 
to  keep  himself  supplied  with  the  necessary  amount  of  approved 
cement,  the  City  or  Owner  shall  have  the  right  to  furnish  him 
with  tested  cement  from  any  stock  on  hand  and    charge  said 
Contractor  with  the  cost  of  same  at  the  rate  of  $.  .  .  .  per  barrel 
for  each  and  every  barrel  so  furnished,  and  collect  the  amount 
due  therefor  from  any  moneys  found  to  bp  due  to  said  Contractor 
by  the  City  or  Owner. 

120.  Disturbance  of  Cards,  Marks  or  Numbers.     The  Con- 
tractor or  any  of  his  employees  shall  not  destroy,  alter  or  other- 
wise disturb  any  cards,  marks  or  numbers  the  Engineer  shall 
place  upon  the  storage  bins  or  packages  of  cement  as  an  aid  to 
their  future  identification. 

121.  Storage  of  Cement  in  the  Open.     Storage  of  cement  in 
the  open  shall  be  limited  to  small  quantities  to  be  used  immediately 
in  the  work.     Bags  of  cement  shall  not  be  piled  on  wet  ground, 
but  on  planking,  sidewalk,  pavement,  etc.,  so  that  no  part  of  the 
packages  shall  be  nearer  than  four  (4)  inches  to  the  ground  or 
pavement,  and  they  shall  be  stacked  in  compact  piles  which  can 
be  covered  with  tarpaulin  in  case  of  showers.     The  Contractor 
shall  see  that  tarpaulins  are  provided  and  are  ready  for  immediate 
use.     The  cement  must  not  be  allowed  to  become  wet  or  damp 
under  any  circumstances  and  must  be  effectually  covered  so  that 
rain  cannot  reach  it. 

122.  Preservation  of  Maker's  Brand.     The  maker's  brand  on 
all  cement  must  be  preserved  upon  casks  or  packages. 


24       DELIVERY  AND  STORAGE  OF  CEMENT 

123.  Weighing  Cement.     The  Contractor  shall  provide  suit- 
able scales  for  weighing  cement.     If  the  cement  is  turned  out  of 
the  bags  or  barrels  for  the  purpose  of  storing,  it  shall  be  weighed 
again  as  rebagged  or  packed  when  used  for  measuring  cement 
in  mixing  concrete,  and  each  bag  or  barrel  must  contain  no  less 
weight  of  cement  than  the  required  unit. 

124.  Setting  Qualities.     Portland  cement  is  rendered  slower 
setting  by  long  storage,  and  its  tensile  strength  is  increased  if 
kept  in  a  dry  place  free  from  draughts. 


PART  V 
INSPECTION  AND  TESTS  OF  CEMENT 

1.  GENERAL  REQUIREMENTS 

125.  In  General.     All  cement  must  be  inspected.     It  may  be 
inspected  either  at  the  place  of  manufacture  or  on  the  work,  or 
both,  as  may  be  ordered  by  the  Engineer.     It  may  also  be  stopped 
in  transit,  on  line  of  road,  for  a  sufficient  length  of  time  to  allow 
the  lot  to  be  sampled. 

126.  Lumpy    Cement.     Lumpy    cement    to    be    rejected    or 
pulverized,    as   directed   by  the   Engineer.     In   general,    lumpy 
cement  should  not  be  broken  up  and  used  again,  as  it  has  lost 
by  far  the  greater  part  of  its  adhesive  value.     If  not  easily  crushed 
the  cement  has  probably  been  affected  by  dampness,  but  if  easily 
crushed  there  is  simply  an  indication  of  a  seasoned  cement. 

127.  Engineer  May  Test  and  Analyze  Cement.     The  Engineer 
shall  be  allowed  to  test  and  analyze  all  cement,  and  any  cement 
which  is  not  satisfactory  to  him  shall  be  at  once  removed  from 
the  work. 

128.  Factory  Inspection.     The   Engineer  or  his  authorized 
representative  shall  at  all  times  have  liberty  to  inspect  the  mate- 
rials, process  of  manufacture,  daily  laboratory  records  of  analyses 
and  tests  at  the  cement  works.     (See  Sec.  5,  page  34.) 

129.  Number  of  Barrels  Covered  by  One  Set  of  Tests.     If 
cement  is  inspected  at  the  work  not  more  than  150  barrels  shall 
be  covered  by  one  set  of  tests.     If  inspected  at  the   place  of 
manufacture  not  more  than  200  barrels  shall  be  covered  by  one 
set  of  tests. 

130.  Uniformity  of  Product.     When  a  given  brand  of  cement 
has  been  tested  for  some  time  and  found  to  be  fairly  uniform  in 
its  action  under  the  different  tests,  a  sudden  wide  variation  from 
this  normal  action  in  any  kind  of  test  shall  be  looked  upon  with 

25 


26  INSPECTION  AND  TESTS  OF  CEMENT 

suspicion  and  shall  lead  to  more  extended  and  longer  time  tests. 
In  other  words,  cement  shall  be  of  uniform  fineness,  strength, 
specific  gravity,  etc.,  and  shall  require  a  uniform  amount  of 
mixing  water. 

131.  Extended  Tests.     The   Engineer   shall   have   the   right 
to  make  any  other  tests,  or  use  any  other  means  in  his  power, 
to  gain  information  as  to  the  quality  of  cement,  and  reserves  the 
right  to  reject  any  cement  which  he  is  not  fully  satisfied  is  suitable 
for  the  work  for  which  it  is  intended. 

132.  Reinforced  Concrete  Buildings.     Tests  of  cement  used 
in  reinforced  concrete  building  operations  shall  be  made  from 
time  to  time  under  the  supervision  of  the  Building  Department 
in  accordance  with  its  requirements. 

133.  Adulteration.     The    question    of    adulteration    of    the 
cement  may  be  determined  either  by  chemical  analyses  or  by 
inspection  of  the  process  of  manufacture  at  the  factory. 

134.  Samples.     Samples  of  cement  shall  be  furnished  in  such 
manner  and  at  such  times  as  may  be  required  by  the  Engineer 
for   testing  purposes.     The   samples  will   be   thoroughly  mixed 
together  while  dry  and  the  mixture  be  taken  as  the  sample  for 
test.     Any  cement  showing  by  sample  higher  tests  than  those 
given  must  maintain  the  average  so  shown  in  subsequent  deliveries. 

135.  Sand  for   Cement  Tests.     The   sand   required  for   the 
cement  test  shall  be  that  specified  in  the  construction  in  which 
the  cement  is  to  be  used. 

For  tests  to  be  made  at  other  points  than  the  place  of  delivery, 
the  sand  will  be  furnished  free  to  the  Contractor. 

136.  Tested  Cement.     The  Inspector  shall  receive  a  written 
approval  from  the  Engineer  before  permitting  concrete  to  be 
made  from  any  cement  delivered  and  it  shall  be  his  duty  to  make 
certain  that  only  tested  cement  is  used  in  the  work. 

137.  Extension    of   Time.     No    extension    of   time    on    con- 
tract will  be  allowed  for  delay  caused  by  holding  cement  for  tests 
herein  described. 

138.  Engineer's  Decision.     The  decision  of  the  Engineer  to 
reject  any  cement  shall  be  final.     In  reaching  a  decision  he  may, 
according  to  his  own  judgment,  assign  to  all  or  any  of  the  tests 
such  relative  importance  as  he  may  consider  proper  under  the 
circumstances.     In  other  words,   the  engineer  makes  the  tests 
upon  such  proportions  of  the  whole  amount  of  cement  as  he 


SAMPLING  OF  CEMENT  FOR  TESTING  27 

sees  fit  and  his  decision  is  final.     He  can  refuse  to  accept  cement 
without  test  and  without  giving  his  reasons. 


2.  SAMPLING  OF  CEMENT  FOR  TESTING 

139.  In  General.     Samples  for  test  may  be  taken  from  every 
package  in  each  shipment  of  cement,  and  unless  they  meet  the  re- 
quirements herein  specified  (see  Part  VI,  page  41),  the  whole  ship- 
ment from  which  the  samples  were  taken  will  be  rejected.     Samples 
for  testing  shall  be  furnished  at  such  times  and  in  such  manner 
as  may  be  required.     The  selection  of  the  sample  for  testing, 
the  number  of  packages  sampled,  and  the  quantity  taken  from 
each  package,  must  be  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  Engineer, 
but  each  sample  shall  be  a  fair  average  of  the  contents  of  the 
package  from  which  it  is  taken.     The  total  sample  should  weigh 
about  10  Ibs.     At  least  one  barrel  in  every  ten  should  be  sampled. 

140.  Facilities    for    Sampling.      The  Contractor  shall  afford 
the  Engineer  all  reasonable  facilities  for  sampling  cement. 

141.  Carload  Lots.     The  cement  for  testing  may  be  selected 
by  taking  from  each  of  six  well-distributed  barrels  or  bags  in 
every   carload   or   fraction   thereof,    sufficient   cement   to   make 
five  to  ten  briquettes.     These  six  portions,  after  being  thrown 
together  and  thoroughly  mixed  will  be  assumed  to  represent  the 
average  of    the  whole  carload,  and  the  acceptance  or  rejection 
of  the  entire  carload  will  depend  upon  the  results  of  the  examina- 
tion of  this  sample. 

142.  Mixing   Samples.     The  Samplings  shall  be  thoroughly 
mixed  together  when  taken  so  as  to  constitute  as  nearly  as  pos- 
sible a  fair  average  sample  of  the  whole  lot  represented.     For 
determining  the  characteristics  of  a  carload  of  cement  the  individ- 
ual samples  may  be  mixed  and  the  average  tested;   where  time 
will  permit,  however,  each  sample  should  be  tested  separately. 

143.  Not    Mixing    Samples.     (Alternate     Clause).     Cement 
drawn  from  several  sample  packages  should  not  be  mixed  or 
mingled,  but  the  individuality  of  each  sample  package  should 
be  preserved.     All  materials  taken  from  the  same  sample  package 
may  be  thoroughly  mixed  or  mingled  and  the  tests  be  made 
therefrom  as  showing  the  true  character  of  the  contents  of  the 
sample  package. 


28  INSPECTION  AND  TESTS  OF  CEMENT 

144.  Method  of  Sampling.  Samples  shall  be  taken  at  ran- 
dom from  sound  packages.  Cement  in  barrels  shall  be  sampled 
through  a  hole  made  in  the  center  of  one  of  the  staves,  midway 
between  the  heads,  or  in  the  head,  by  means  of  an  auger  or  a 
sampling  iron  similar  to  that  used  by  inspectors  of  flour  or  sugar. 
If  in  bags,  the  cement  shall  be  taken  from  the  surface  to  center. 


3.  FIELD  INSPECTION  AND  TESTS  * 

145.  In  General.     Cement  will  be  inspected  and  tested  after 
delivery  at  the  site  of  the  work.     Tests  shall  be  made  to  ascertain 
whether  the  article   supplied  is  genuine  cement,  of  a  brand  pre- 
viously tested  and  accepted,  and  whether  it  is  reasonably  sound 
and  active  cement  that  will  set  hard  in  the  desired  time,  and  give 
a  good,  hard  mortar.     No  cement  will  be  inspected  unless  delivered 
in  suitable  packages  properly  branded.     Tests  and  analyses  will 
be    made    of    all  cements,  and  any  cement  which  is  not  satis- 
factory to  the  Engineer  shall  be  removed  from  the  work.     Such 
proportion  of    the  number  of  bags  received  in  a  lot  shall  be 
sampled  for  testing  as  the  Engineer  shall  require. 

146.  Facility    for    Testing.      Every    facility    for    inspecting 
and  testing  the  cement  shall  be  furnished  by  the  Contractor. 
In  order  to  facilitate  the  testing  of  the  cement  the  Contractor 
shall  keep  a  sufficient  quantity  on  hand. 

147.  Cement  Testing  House.     The  Contractor  will  be  required 
to  furnish  a  small,  rough  board  building  or  room  on  the  work  for 
cement  testing,  furnished  with  shelving,  racks,  benches  and  work 
table  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Engineer.     A  steam  pipe  must  be 
run  into  the  same  and  sufficient  heat  furnished  to  prevent  freez- 
ing either  during  the   day  or  at  night  in  cold  weather.     The 
expense  of  such,  together  with  the  fitting  up  and  warming  of  the 
same,  must  be  included  in  the  whole  work. 

148.  Simple   Field   Tests.     In   addition   to   the   usual   tests 
the  Inspector  will  be  required,  from  time  to  time,  to  make  pats 
and  balls  of  pure  cement,  and  of  cement  mixed  with  sand,  in 
order  to  satisfy  himself  that  the  cement  going  into  the  work  is 

*  The  preferred  practice  of  engineers    is  to  inspect  and  test  the  cement 
after  it  has  been  received  in  the  field. 


FIELD  INSPECTION  AND  TESTS  29 

uniform  in  character  and  has  not   been    injured    by  exposure 
to  weather  or  in  any  other  way. 

149.  Setting  Qualities.     The  setting  or  hardening  qualities, 
as  determined  roughly  by  estimating  time  and  by  pressure  of 
the  thumbnail,  shall  be  observed;    the  hardness  of  the  set  and 
strength,  by  cracking  the  hardened  pats  or  cakes  between  the 
fingers,  and  by  dropping  the  balls  from  the  height  of  the  arm 
upon  a  pavement  or  stone  and  observing  the  result  of  the  impact. 
The  Inspector  may  reject  any  cement  which  fails  to  set  properly 
in  sample  pats. 

150.  Change  of  Volume.     Pats  shall  be  placed  in  water  as 
soon  as  hardened  sufficiently  and  raising  the  temperature  to  the 
boiling-point  for  a  few  hours  and  observing  the  character  and 
color  of  the  fracture  after  sufficient  immersion.     This  will  give 
some  idea  of  the  character  of  the  material,  whether  hydraulic, 
a  Portland  or  Pozzulan,  whether  too  fresh  or  possibly  "  blown," 
may  be  speedily  and  quite  well  ascertained  without  measuring 
instruments. 

When  subjected  to  standard  tests  for  constancy  of  volume, 
the  cement  shall  show  no  tendency  to  swell  or  crack. 

151.  Mortar  Box  Tests.     Tests  may  be  made  from  the  mortar 
box  if  desired  by  the  Engineer  and  should  they  prove  unsatis- 
factory the  Contractor  must  change  his  brand  or  improve  his 
method  of  mixing. 

152.  Elaborate  Tests.     The  more  elaborate  tests,   described 
on    page    31,   shall  be  made  in  well-equipped  laboratories  by 
skilled  cement  testers.     (See  Sec.  4,  Laboratory  Tests,  page  31.) 

153.  Marking   Packages.     Every   bag   or   barrel    of    cement 
shall  be  marked  by  the  Inspector,  or  other  precautions  may  be 
taken  so  as  to  identify  the  lot  from    which  it  is  taken    and  to 
insure  that  no  cement  is  delivered  for  use  in  the  work  which  has 
not  passed  the  required  tests.     Any  packages  of  cement  which 
cannot  be  so  identified  may  be  rejected. 

154.  Inspection    Marks    of    Acceptance.     Inspection   marks 
of  acceptance,  placed  upon  barrels  or  packages,  shall  be  carefully 
preserved  by  the  Contractor  and  under  no  circumstances  shall 
the  Contractor  allow  such  marks  to  be  imitated. 

155.  Inspection  Marks  of  Projection.    On  all  barrels  of  rejected 
cement  inspection  marks  will  be  placed,  and  the  Contractor  shall 
in  no  case  allow  these  barrels  to  be  used. 


30  INSPECTION  AND  TESTS  OF  CEMENT 

156.  Reinspection,  Test  and  Rejection  of  Cement.    The  fact 
that  cement  is  satisfactory  when  tested  is  not  an  indication  that  it 
will  continue  to  be,  hence  cement  which  is  not  used  for  some  time 
after  test,  may  be  tested  again,  and  if  found  to  be  damaged  or 
of  improper  quality,  will  be  rejected.     In  other  words,  cement 
may  be  reinspected  at  any  time  deemed  advisable  and  if  found  to 
be   defective,   shall   be   condemned.     Tests   of   cement  may  be 
repeated  as  many  times  as  are  deemed  necessary  by  the  Engineer. 

157.  Repeating   Tests    at   a    Standard    Testing    Laboratory. 
In  case  the  cement  fails  to  meet  satisfactorily  the  tests  required, 
if  the  manufacturer  or  Contractor  so  desires,  the  Engineer  may, 
if  he  deems  it  to  the  interest  of  the  City  or  Owner,  have  all  or  any 
of  the  tests  made  or  repeated  at  some  recognized  standard  test- 
ing laboratory.     All  expense  of  such  tests  to  be  paid  by  the 
Manufacturer  or  Contractor  interested.     All  such  tests  shall  be 
made  on  samples  furnished  by  the  City's  or  Owner's  Inspector 
and  same  shall,  as  near  as  possible,  be  a  duplicate  of  the  sample 
on  which  the  original  tests  were  made.     The  methods  of  making 
all  tests  must  be  approved  by  the  City's  or  Owner's  Inspector. 

158.  Samples.     Samples    for    testing    shall    be    taken    from 
such  number  of  packages  in  any  carload  lot  or  shipment  as  the 
Engineer  or  the  Inspector  may  select.     (Sec.  2,  page  27.) 

159.  Cement  Inspection  for  City  Work.     As  soon  as  a  carload 
of  cement  arrives  for  the  Contractor  doing  work  for  the  City, 
the  Engineer  shall  be  notified  and  a  sampler  will  be  started  at 
once  to  take  samples  from  about  one  bag  in  35  as  they  are  being 
removed  from  the  car  to  the  storehouse. 

The  bin  in  which  the  cement  is  placed  shall  then  be  tagged 
with  white  cards,  about  4X5  ins.  in  size,  bearing  a  serial  number 
in  large  size  type  and  the  word  "  HOLD,"  together  with  spaces 
for  car  number,  number  of  bags  in  the  car,  and  the  bin  number 
and  date  sampled.  When  the  cement  has  passed  the  laboratory 
tests  (see  Sec.  4,  page  31),  the  white  card  shall  be  removed  and  a 
pink  one  substituted,  bearing  the  word  "  RELEASED."  The 
Inspector  can  thus  see  at  a  glance  whether  or  not  the  Contractor 
is  using  cement  from  an  approved  lot.  When  the  bin  is  empty 
the  pink  card  shall  be  returned  to  the  laboratory. 

Each  Saturday  all  Inspectors  shall  mail  to  the  laboratory  a 
post-card  stating  the  number  of  bags  used  from  each  bin  or  their 
work.  Records  will  be  kept  at  the  laboratory  and  the  number 


LABORATORY  INSPECTION  AND  TESTS  31 

of  bags  turned  in  shall  be  checked  up  with  the  original  number 
unloaded  into  the  particular  bin. 

If  an  additional  precaution  is  considered  necessary  by  the 
Engineer  in  order  to  insure  the  use  of  tested  cement  only,  the 
following  method  shall  be  employed.  The  sampler  shall  attach 
a  numbered  tag  (say)  2  ins.  long  to  each  bag  of  the  carload  in 
question.  The  number  shall  be  the  same  for  the  whole  carload. 
When  the  carload  is  approved  by  the  laboratory  the  Inspectors 
will  be  given  the  lot  number  of  the  released  car.  As  the  cement 
is  used  the  tags  shall  be  torn  off  by  the  Inspectors  and  at  intervals 
turned  in  to  the  laboratory,  where  they  will  be  counted  and 
recorded. 


4.  LABORATORY  INSPECTION  AND  TESTS 

160.  In  General.     Should  the  simple  field  tests  (see  Sec.  3, 
page  28),    give    unsatisfactory  or  suspicious  results,  then  a  full 
series  of  tests  shall  be  carefully  made  by  professional  inspectors 
on  samples  taken  from  the  cement,  either  at  the  place  of  manu- 
facture or  on  the  work,  in  a  manner  analogous  to  that  customary 
among  engineers  in  the  purchase  of  structural  steel. 

161.  Selection  of  Laboratory.     The  laboratory  shall  be  selected 
by  or  be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Engineer. 

162.  Expense  of  Laboratory  Tests.     The   cost  and  expense 
of  all  inspection  and  tests  shall  be  borne  by  the  Contractor. 

163.  Mill  Inspection  and  Sampling.     All  inspection  and  sam- 
pling shall  be  made  by  the  Laboratory  at  the  point  of    manu- 
facture sending  samples  to  its  laboratory  for  tests. 

164.  Sending  Samples  to  the  Laboratory.     Samples  sent  to 
the  testing  laboratory  shall  be  preserved  in  packages  which  thor- 
oughly protect  the  cement  from  the  atmosphere.     No  accurate 
results  consistent  with  the  quality  of  the  cement  as  it  exists  in 
the  barrel  or  bag  at  the  time  of  sampling  will  otherwise  be  pos- 
sible.    Each  sample  shall  be  accompanied  by  a  manifest  giving 
complete  data  of  the  same. 

165.  Method    of    Sampling.     Samples  shall  be  taken  from 
different  packages  of  the  lot,  say  from  one  barrel  or  bag  in  every 
ten.     The  right  shall  be  reserved,  however,  to  sample  any  or  all 
packages  received.      Each  sample  will  be  taken  with  a  long 


32  INSPECTION  AND  TESTS  OF  CEMENT 

sampling  iron  reaching  to  the  center  of  the  barrel  or  bag.     (See 
Sec.  2,  page  27.) 

166.  Quantity    of    Sample.     The    quantity    of    each    sample 
shall  be  at  least  eight  (8)  ounces,  or  enough  to  fill  a  cubical  tin 
box  measuring  three   (3)   inches  on  each  edge.     (The  samples 
should  preferably  be  put  in  such  boxes,  or  each  may  be  put  in  a 
bag  of  tough  paper,  securely  tied.) 

167.  Marking   Samples.    The   several   small   boxes   or   bags 
shall  each  be  plainly  numbered  and  marked  with  date,  and  place, 
and  name  of  structure,  and  name  and  address  of  the  party  to  whom 
report  is  to  be  sent.     They  shall  then  be  enclosed  in  a  tight  box 
and  sent  by  express,  with  express  charges  prepaid,  to  the  testing 
laboratory,   with   a   separate   letter   stating   that   such   samples 
have  been  sent.     Each  barrel  or  bag  from  which  each  sample 
is  taken  shall  also  be  numbered  to  agree  with  the  sample  numbers. 

168.  Time  of  Sending  Samples.     Samples  shall  be  taken  and 
sent  at  least  two  weeks  before  the  time  when  it  is  desired  to  receive 
report  of  the  result  of  the  tests,  in  order  to  allow  for  time  in  transit, 
length  of  test  and  mailing  of  reports  of  results. 

169.  Identity  of  Cement  Withheld.     The  name  of  the  maker 
of  the  cement,  or  its  trade-mark,  or  brand,  may  be  given  or 
omitted,  as  preferred. 

170.  Method  of  Making  Tests.     Tests,  in  general,  are  to  be 
made  in  accordance  with  the  methods  proposed  by  the  Committee 
on  Uniform  Tests  of  Cement  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers,  presented  to  the  society  Jan.  21,  1903,  and  amended 
Jan.  20,  1904,  with  all  subsequent  amendments  thereto,  except 
where  otherwise  noted  or  required  by  the  Engineer. 

171.  Visiting   Laboratory.      Interested  parties  are  at  liberty 
to  visit  the  laboratory  and  inspect  the  methods  of  performing 
all  tests. 

172.  Cement  Tests  Required.     The  completed  set  of  cement 
tests  shall  consist  of  the  following: 

173.  Chemical  Test.      A    chemical    analysis    of   the    cement 
shall  account  for  at  least  99  per  cent  of  its  component  parts. 

174.  Fineness  of  Grinding.     A  test  to  ascertain  the  fineness 
of  the  cement  shall  be  made  by  thoroughly  sifting  about  2  pounds 
of  cement  through  a  covered  nest  of  sieves  composed  of  a  No. 
50  on  top  and  a  No.  100  sieve  below,  and  then  weighing  the 
quantities  of  cement  retained  on  each  of  the  two  sieves. 


LABORATORY  INSPECTION  AND  TESTS  33 

175.  Setting  Tests   of  Cement.     Setting  tests  made  at  the 
laboratory   before   and   after   exposure   shall   be   insisted   upon, 
and  if  quick  setting  develops  by  this  additional  seasoning  the 
cement  shall  be  rejected. 

176.  Time  of  Setting.     A  test  to  establish  the  setting  time 
of  cement  shall  be  made  by  mixing  the  cement  with  sufficient 
water  to  make  a  stiff  paste  and  determining  the  time  within 
which  "  initial  "  set  shall  take  place  and  the  limits  of  time  within 
which  "  final  "  or  "  hard  "  set  must  occur. 

177.  Soundness  or  Constancy  of  Volume.    All  cement  must 
be  constant  in  its  volume.     The  decisive  test  of  this  property 
shall  be,  that  pats  of  neat  cement,  made  on  a  glass  plate  and 
kept  in  a  damp  atmosphere  for  twenty-four  hours,  and  after- 
wards immersed  in  cold  water  or   subjected  to   the   atmosphere 
of  the  laboratory,  shall  not  show  any  signs  of  warping  or  cracking 
at  the  edges,  even  after  the  lapse  of  a  considerable  period. 

178.  Tensile  Strength.     Tests  to  ascertain  the  tensile  strength 
of  the  cement  shall  be  made  both  of  neat  cement  and  by  mixing 
one  part  of  cement  to  three  parts  of  sand  into  briquettes,  which 
are  to  remain  in  the  molds  for  twenty-four  hours,  and  then  to  be 
placed  in  water  where  they  are  to  be  kept  for  twenty-seven  days. 
No  record  to  be  taken  of  briquettes  breaking  at  other  than  the 
smallest  section. 

179.  Results  of  Tests.     The  results  of  the  tests  made  in  the 
laboratory  shall  be  accepted  as  a  final  criterion  for  the  acceptance 
or  rejection  of  any  particular  shipment  of  cement. 

180.  Records.     Blank  forms  shall  be  used  for  recording  all 
tests  and  notations  shall  be  adopted  to  show  for  each  test  that 
the  cement  passed  or  failed  or  that  the  test  was  not  made.     No 
inference  shall  be  drawn  from  the  lack  of  any  entry  other  than 
that  the  recorder  has  neglected  his  duty. 

181.  Field  Inspection.      In    cases    where    special    conditions 
make  inspection  of  cement  at  the  place  of  manufacture  imprac- 
ticable, field  or  job  inspection  may  be  substituted,  subject,  how- 
ever, to  the  approval  of  the  Engineer. 


34  INSPECTION  AND  TESTS  OF  CEMENT 


5.  MILL  INSPECTION  AND  TESTS 

182.  In  General.     The  inspection  of  cement  will  be  made  of 
the  works  of  the  cement  company,  wherever  practicable.     When 
so  required  by  the  Engineer,  the  Contractor  shall  test  the  cement 
at  the  place  where  the  same  is  being  manufactured  or  stored, 
and  before  it  is  shipped  for  delivery. 

183.  Supervision  of  Tests.     The  cement  shall  be  tested  in  the 
presence  of  and  under  the  direction  of  the  Engineer  or  his  author- 
ized representative  and  in  accordance  with  these  specifications 
as  interpreted  by  the  Engineer. 

184.  Access  to  all  Parts  of  the  Mill.     The  Inspector  shall  have 
free  access,  at  all  times,  to  all  parts  of  the  mill  where  material  to 
be  inspected  by  him  is  being  manufactured. 

185.  Use  of  Tools,  Labor,  etc.     The  Contractor  shall  furnish 
all   instruments,  tools    and   implements,  and    all   materials   and 
labor  required,  in  the  opinion   of  the  Engineer,  to  satisfactorily 
carry  on  such  tests.     That  is  to  say,  the   cement  manufacturer 
shall  afford  the  Inspector    all    facilities    and    furnish    all   labor 
required  for  taking  samples  and  sealing  packages  as  described 
below. 

186.  Compensation  for  Mill  Tests.     The   Contractor   is   to 
claim  no  compensation  for  this  testing  and  all  that  may  be  required 
in  connection  with  it,  but  it  is  understood  and  agreed  that  the 
price  of  his  bid  covers  all  such  testing,  which  is  required  to  be 
done  at  the  place  of   manufacturing  or   storing  before  shipment 
for  delivery  in  accordance  with  the    direction  of  the  Engineer. 

187.  Character  of  the  Inspection  and  Tests.     Inspection  may 
be  personal  or  of  records,  or  both. 

The  character  and  result  of  each  test  shall  be  immediately 
delivered  to  the  Engineer. 

188.  Furnishing  Inspectors.     Whenever  required  to  do  so  the 
Contractor  must  furnish  Inspectors  who  are  acceptable  to  the 
Engineer  for  any  of  the  subjects  detailed  under  Scope  of  Mill 
Inspection  and  Scope  of  Mill  Tests. 

189.  Records  to  be  at  the  Disposal  of  the  Engineer.    All 
records  kept  by  the  manufacturer  and  which  relate  to  the  matters 
subject  to  inspection  must  at  all  times  be  at  the  disposal,  both 
for  reference  or  copy,  of  the  Engineer. 


MILL  INSPECTION  AND  TESTS  35 

190.  Scope  of  Mill  Inspection.     Inspection  may  be  required 
at  the  discretion  of  the  Engineer  of  the  quantities  of  the  raw 
material   used  in  the  mixture,  the  preparation  of  raw  material 
for  calcining,  the  calcining,  the  selection  of  clinkers  for  grinding, 
the  grinding,  the  storing,  the  barrels  before  packing,  the  barrel- 
ing, the  making  of  the  barrels,  the  weight  of  the  barrels  ready  for 
shipment,  and  the  loading  and  shipment. 

191.  Routine  of  Mill  Inspection.     The  routine  of  mill  inspec- 
tion will  consist  of  the  manufacturer   furnishing  the  cement  in 
bulk  or  package,  at  option  of  the   Engineer,  in  sufficient  time 
and  quantities  to  permit  all  tests  hereinafter  specified  before  the 
cement  will  be  required  for  shipment. 

192.  Scope  of  Mill  Tests.     Tests  may  be  required  to  be  made 
to  establish  the  identity  and  chemical  characteristics  of  the  raw 
materials  used,  of  the  degree  of  heat  reached  in  calcining,  of  the 
chemical  characteristics  of  the  finished  cement,  of  the  fineness 
of  the  cement,  the  time  of  setting  or  setting  qualities,  its  volume 
constancy  or  soundness,  and  of  its  tensile  strength.     The  tests 
shall  conform  to  the  standard  requirements  for  testing  materials. 

193.  Cement  Tests  Required.     The  complete  set  of  cement 
tests  shall  consist  of  the  following  (see  Sec.  4,  page  32) :  Chemical 
Test,  Fineness  of  Grinding,  Time  of  Setting,  Constancy  of  Volume 
and  Tensile  Strength. 

194.  Test  Samples.     The  cement  to  be  tested  at  the  mill 
may  be  taken  from  the  bins  before  barreling  or  from  the  cement 
after  barreling,  this  being  left  entirely  to  the  discretion  of  the 
Engineer;   but  the  lot  from  which  the  cement  for  testing  is  taken 
will  be  accepted  or  rejected  in  accordance  as  the  results  of  the 
tests  may  show  that  the  cement  complies  with  or  fails  in  the 
requirements   of   these   specifications   (see   Part   VI,    page    41), 
provided,  however,  that   each  lot  of   100  barrels  of  cement  will 
be  separately  tested. 

195.  Cement  Furnished  in  Bulk.     If  cement  is  furnished  in 
bulk,  arrangements  must  be  made  which  will  permit  of  securing 
a  sample  satisfactory  to  the  Inspector.     Provisions  must  also 
be  made  for  sealing  the  spouts  leading  to  and   from    the    bins 
sampled. 

196.  Cement  Sampled  after  being  Packed.     If  the  cement  is 
sampled  after  being  packed,  each  package  will  be  plainly  marked 
by  the  Inspector  for  the  purpose  of  identification,  and  must  be  so 


36  INSPECTION  AND  TESTS  OF  CEMENT 

stored  that  it  will  be  possible  to  obtain  the  packages  represented 
by  any  one  sample  without  it  being  necessary  to  handle  others. 

197.  Setting  Aside  Special  Bins.     The  cement  shall  be  stored 
in  bins  set  aside  for  the  use  of  the  City  or  Owner.     In  case  the 
manufacturer  of  cement  has  not  the  necessary  facilities  for  setting 
aside  special  bins  for  this  purpose  until  the  time  of  shipment, 
samples  may  be  taken  while  the  cement  is  being  packed,  in  which 
case  the  packages  shall  be  sealed  immediately  afterwards. 

198.  Method  of  Sampling.     When  inspected  at  the  place  of 
manufacture,  samples  shall  be  taken  by  the  Inspector  by  means 
of  special  tubes  driven  into  the  cement.     (See  Sec.  2,  page  28.) 

199.  Storing,  Sampling  and  Shipping.  All  details  of  storing, 
sampling,  and  shipping  must  be  such  as  will  meet  the  approval 
of  the  Engineer  or  Inspector. 

200.  Preventing  Substitutions  in  Transit.     To  guard  against 
substitution,  the  cement  shall  be  loaded  for  shipment  at  the 
mill  in  the  presence  of  the  Inspector  and  the  car  sealed  by  him 
or  the  shipment  otherwise  marked  by  him  in  such  a  manner 
that  any  tampering  with  the  individual  packages  or  with  the 
shipment  as  a  whole  may  be  easily  detected.     Notice  of  each 
shipment  and  a  record  of  all  identifying  data  shall  be  forwarded 
to  the  Engineer  or  to  the  Inspector  on  the  job.     It  will  be  the 
duty  of  the  job  Inspector  to  make  certain  that  the  shipment  as 
received  corresponds   in   every    particular    with   the   description 
furnished  by  the  mill  Inspector. 

201.  Sealing  Packages  with  a  Leaden  Seal.      When  accepted 
cement  is  packed  ready  for  shipment  each  package  of  cement 
shall  be  sealed  by  the  Inspector  with  a  leaden  seal  for  identifica- 
tion.    The  City  or  Owner  will  furnish  the  leaden  seals. 

202.  Rejection   of  Accepted    Cement.       In    case   cement  is 
accepted  on  test  made  on  samples  taken  at  the  mill,  the  City  or 
Owner  reserves  the  right  to  reject  the  cement  on  its  arrival  at 
the  work  if  it  shows  any  signs  of  damage  from  moisture  or  other 
causes. 

203.  Removal    of    Seal    from    Rejected    Cement.     In    case 
packages  already  sealed  are  rejected,  the  seals  shall  be  imme- 
diately removed  by  the  manufacturer  or  owner  of  the  cement 
when  notice  of  rejection  has  been  received  by  him. 

204.  Field    Inspection.     In    cases    where    special    conditions 
make  inspection  at  factory  impracticable,  inspection  at  the  job 


ACCEPTANCE  REQUIREMENTS          37 

may  be  substituted,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Engineer. 
(See  Sec.  3,  Field  Inspection  and  Tests,  page  28.) 


6.  ACCEPTANCE  REQUIREMENTS 

205.  In  General.    No  cement  shall  be  used  in  the  work  until 
it  has  been  accepted  by  the  Engineer.     The  requirements  to 
be  fulfilled  by  the  cement  to  be  furnished  under  these  specifica- 
tions in  order  to  be  acceptable  for  the  construction  as  evidenced 
by  the  results  of  the  inspection  tests  before  described  (see  Part  V, 
Sec.  4,  Laboratory  Tests,  page  31),  are  as  follows  (see  Part  VI, 
page  41). 

The  cement  must  work  well  under  the  trowel;    otherwise  it 
will  not  be  accepted. 

206.  Final  Tests.     The  City  or  Owner  reserves  the  right  to 
make  final  tests  of  the  same  character  and  in  the  same  manner 
as    those   described    for  Laboratory  Tests,  page  31,   and  Mill 
Tests,  page  34,  of  all  cement  delivered  on  the  work,  extending 
to  the  Contractor  all  facilities  to  witness  the  same. 

207.  Final  Acceptance.     If  the  results  of  the  final  tests  show 
that  the  cement  delivered  comply  with  the  requirements  of  these 
specifications,  then  the  same  will  be  finally  accepted  by  the  City  or 
Owner.     The  acceptance  of  a  cement  to  be  used  shall  rest  with 
the  Engineer,  and  will  be  based  on  the  requirements  given  in 
Part  VI,  page  41 .,      The  Engineer   reserves   the  right,  however, 
in  case  there  is  doubt  in  his  mind  as  to  the  suitability  of  the  cement, 
even  though  it  passes  the  tests  prescribed,  to  prohibit  the  Con- 
tractor using  this  cement  until  it  has  been  further  tested  and 
inspected,  and  has  proved  entirely  satisfactory.     The  standard 
tests  of  acceptance  should  not,  therefore,  be  taken  as  a  positive 
criterion  that  a  new  grade  of  cement  is  satisfactory,  but    that 
a  known  grade  is  or  is  not  of  the  average  for  that  particular 
grade. 

208.  Rejection  of  Defective  Cement.     If  any  of  the  cement 
fails  in  any  of  the  requirements  of  these  specifications,  then  the 
lot  of  cement  which  is  found  wanting  will  be  rejected  and  the 
Contractor  will  be  required  to  move  such  rejected  lot  within 
five  days  of  being  notified  by  the  Engineer  in  writing,  from  the 


38  INSPECTION  AND  TESTS  OF  CEMENT 

property  of  the  City  or  Owner;  provided  that  all  cement  delivered 
shall  be  passed  upon  all  its  requirements  in  accordance  with 
the  results  of  the  tests  within  60  days  after  it  has  been  delivered 
to  the  City  or  Owner,  and  provided  it  shall  be  passed  upon  in 
lots  of  not  more  than  100  barrels.  In  other  words,  if  any  lot 
of  cement,  as  determined  by  a  reasonable  number  of  samples, 
fails  to  pass  the  tests,  or  is  otherwise  unsuitable  for  use  in  the 
work,  the  entire  lot  from  which  the  samples  were  taken  shall  be 
rejected  and  immediately  removed  from  the  works. 

209.  Additional  Requirements  and  Modifications.    All  cement 
shall   meet   such   additional   requirements   as   to    "  hot   water," 
"  set,"  and  "  chemical,"  tests,  as  the  Engineer  may  determine. 
The  requirements  for  "  set  "  may  be  modified  where  the  con- 
ditions are  such  as  to  make  it  advisable.     In  other  words,  in 
addition  to  the  specified  tests,  all  cement  furnished  for  the  work 
shall  be  subject  to   such   other  tests  as  may  be  necessary  to 
determine  whether  the  cement  passes  the  proper  qualities  for  the 
particular  work  for  which  it  is  designated. 

209a.  Three-day  Tests.  In  case  sufficient  time  is  not  avail- 
able within  which  to  make  the  seven-  and  twenty-eight-day  tests, 
a  test  shall  be  made  at  the  end  of  three  (3)  days  and  for  compari- 
son will  be  used  in  connection  with  the  twenty-four  (24)  hour 
and  seven  (7)  day  tests. 

210.  Boiling-water  Test.      The   acceptance    or    rejection    of 
cement  where  it  is  to  be  used  within  four  (4)  days  after  receiving 
may  be  based  chiefly  on  the  results  of  the  accelerated  tests  (see 
page  42),  and  it  is  required  that  the  pats  shall  remain  firm  and 
hard  and  show  no  signs  of  distortion,  checking  or  disintegration. 
(It  is  often  good  policy  before  rejecting  a  cement  which  fails 
to  pass  the  boiling  test  to  hold  it  for  a  week  or  two  so  that  it  may 
further  season  and  then  retest  it.) 

211.  Exposure  to  Moisture.     Any  cement  exposed  to  moisture 
after  inspection  shall  not  be  used.      That  is  to  say,  no  cement 
shall  be  used  that  has  absorbed  sufficient  moisture  to  cause  the 
cement  to  granulate  or  become  lumpy  when  thoroughly  dried. 

212.  Reinspection,    Test   and   Rejection.     Cement    shall    be 
subjected  to  reinspection,  test  and  rejection,  if  necessary,  at  any 
time.     In  case  any  lot  of  cement  fails  in  one  or  more  of  the  spec- 
ified requirements,  it  shall  be  given  a  second  test  for  such  require- 
ment or  requirements,  which  test  shall  be  final  and  binding. 


ACCEPTANCE  EEQUIREMENTS          39 

213.  Extended  Tests.     The  rejection  or  acceptance  of  cement 
will  ordinarily  he  done  after  the  completion  of  the  seven-day  test, 
but  it  shall  be  optional  with  the  Engineer  to  demand  the  completion 
of  the  twenty-eight-day  tests  before  passing  upon  the  acceptance 
of  the  cement.     The  Engineer  may,  however,  direct  that  tests 
be  made,  from  time  to  time,  of  tensile  strength  and  soundness, 
extending  over  longer  periods  than  twenty-eight  days;   if  cement 
so  tested  shows  a  reduction  of  strength  with  increased  age,  or 
at  any  time  fails  in  respect  to  soundness,  the  Engineer  may  pro- 
hibit the  future  use  of  that  brand  of  cement  and  require  that 
another  brand  be  substituted. 

213a.  Strength  of  Cement  at  Three-Months'  Intervals.  The 
tensile  strength  of  both  neat  and  sand  briquettes  shall  show  a 
satisfactory  increase  of  strength  up  to  periods  of  one  year.  The 
Contractor  shall,  if  required,  finish  previously  obtained  evidences 
of  the  strength  of  the  cement  at  periods  of  three,  six,  nine  and 
twelve  months. 

214.  Tagging  Accepted  Cement.     Each  package  of  cement, 
after   its   acceptance  by  the  Engineer,  must  bear  an  acceptance 
tag  or  label,  to  be  fixed  by  the  Engineer  to  each  lot  which  has 
satisfactorily  passed  all  the  tests  which  he  desires.     The  Contrac- 
tor shall  carefully  preserve  these  marks  and  not  allow  them  to 
be   imitated.     As   the   accepted   cement   is   removed   from   the 
storehouse  for  use  in  the  work,  the  tags  or  labels  must  be  removed 
or  destroyed  by  the  Engineer  or  the  Inspector. 

215.  Rejection   of  Accepted  Cement.     Should  the  Engineer 
at  any  time  claim  any  lot  of  cement  damaged  or  questionable 
in  any  respect,  the  same  shall  be  rejected,  although  it  may  pre- 
viously have  met  other  tests.     Marked  deviation  from  uniform 
or  characteristic  results  in  tests  may  be  considered  cause  for 
rejection  of  any  lot  of  cement,  even  though  the  test  requirements 
may  otherwise  be  fulfilled.     In  other  words,  uniformity  in  quality 
is  essential  in  any  grade  of  cement,  and  any  cement  which  fails 
to  give  uniform  results  under  uniform  and  approved  treatment 
shall  be  rejected  even  if  it  complies  with  the  specifications  in 
other  respects  or  it  may  be  withheld  from  use  until  more  extended 
tests  shall  have  demonstrated  its  reliability. 

216.  Acceptance    or   Rejection    Requirements.      Cement    of 
each  brand  shall  be  required  to  show  uniform  and  characteristic 
results  in  tests.     The  acceptance  or  rejection  of  cement  used  under 


40  INSPECTION  AND  TESTS  OF  CEMENT 

these    specifications    shall  be  based  on   the    following  require- 
ments : 

(a)  Fineness  of  Grinding.     (Pars.  226,  237,  244.) 
(6)  Specific  Gravity.     (Pars.  227,  238,  245.) 

(c)  Time  of  Setting.     (Pars.  228,  239,  246,  256,  259.) 

(d)  Tensile  Strength.     (Pars.  229,  240,  247,  257,  260.) 

(e)  Constancy  of  Volume.     (Pars.  231,  241,  248.) 
(/)  Chemical  Composition.     (Par.  233.) 

(g)  Microscopic  Test.     (Par.  234.) 


PART  VI 
TEST  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  CEMENT 

1.  GENERAL  REQUIREMENTS 

217.  In  General.    All  tests  shall  be  made  in  accordance  with 
the  methods  proposed  by  the  Committee  on  Uniform  Tests  of 
Cement  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  presented 
to  the  Society  January  21,  1903,  and  amended  January  20,  1904, 
and  January  14,  1908,  with  all  subsequent  amendments  thereto. 

218.  Experienced  Testers.     Acceptance    or    rejection    under 
these  specifications  shall  be  based  on  tests  made  by  a  person 
experienced  in  cement  testing  and  having  the  proper  means  for 
making  the  tests. 

219.  Fineness.     The  sieves  must  be  kept  thoroughly  dry.     In 
each  of  the  following  requirements  (see   Sec.  2,  3   and  4),  it   is 
assumed  that  thoroughly  dried  sieves  are  used. 

220.  Specific  Gravity.     Specific  gravity  of  cement  may  be 
used  as  an  aid  in  detecting  adulteration  or  underburning,  but  it 
is  not  necessarily  conclusive  as  an  indication  of  the  quality  of  a 
cement. 

221.  Time   of  Setting  or   Setting  Qualities.     The  following 
requirements  cover  the  time  within   which    "  initial  "   set  shall 
take  place  and  the  limits  of  time  within  which  "  final  "  or  "  hard  " 
set   must   occur.     Slow-setting   cements   should   not   materially 
increase  in  temperature  during  setting,  whereas  with  quick-setting 
cements  a  marked  increase  is  permissible. 

222.  Tensile  Strength.    The  time  of  set  must  be  stated  when 
specifying  the  tensile  strength  required.     Tensile  tests  will  be 
made  on  specimens  prepared  and  maintained  until  tested  at  a 
temperature  of  not  less  than-  60°  F.     Each  specimen  will  have 
an  area  of  1  sq.in.  at  the  breaking  section,  and  after  being  allowed 
to  harden  in  moist  air  for  24  hours  will  be  immersed  and  main- 
tained under  water  until  tested.     All  test  pieces  must  be  tested 
immediately  after  being  taken  out  of  water.     Cement  which 

41 


42  TEST  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  CEMENT 

shows  abnormally  high  strength  on  the  one-day  or  seven-day 
tests  may  be  regarded  as  unreliable,  and  may  be  rejected 
therefor. 

223.  Seven-day  Tests.     Cement  must  not  be  used  unless  it 
has  satisfactorily  passed  the  seven-day  tests,  but  in  case  of  failure 
it  may  be  held  for  the  result  of  the  twenty-eight-day  tests  before 
being  finally  accepted  or  rejected. 

224.  Constancy    of    Volume.     Cement   shall   have  the   same 
constancy  of  volume  in  air  as  under  water.     Hence  it  must  be 
tested  under  both  conditions,  except  for  Puzzolan  cement,  which 
must  be  tested  for  soundness  under  water.     Tests  shall  therefore 
be  made  on  at  least  two  pats  or  cakes  of  neat  cement,  prepared 
on  a  glass  plate  and  kept  in  a  clamp  atmosphere  for  twenty-four 
hours,  and  afterwards  one  of  the  pats  immersed  in  water  and 
the  other  kept  in  air  at  normal  temperature. 

224a.  Boiling-water  Test.  Should  the  sample  fail  to  pass  the 
hot-water  test,  the  Engineer  reserves  the  right  to  reject  the  lot 
or  to  order  a  retest,  or  to  subject  the  sample  to  chemical  analysis 
in  order  to  determine  whether  said  failure  to  pass  the  hot-water 
test  was  occasioned  by  free  lime  or  other  deleterious  conditions. 
The  Engineer  may  withhold  his  approval  until  after  the  result 
of  the  twenty-eight-day  test  of  the  cake  in  cold  water  can  be 
observed,  or  he  may  order  a  new  boiling  test  from  new  samples 
drawn  from  the  same  lot,  but  from  different  packages.  If  the 
twenty-eight-day  cold-water  test  or  the  second  boiling  test  is 
unsatisfactory,  the  lot  must  be  rejected. 

2.  PORTLAND  CEMENT 

225.  Definition.     Portland   cement   shall   be   defined   as  the 
finely  pulverized  product,  resulting  from  the  calcination  to  incip- 
ient  fusion   of   an   intimate   mixture   of   properly   proportioned 
argillaceous  and  calcareous  materials,  and  to  which  no  addition 
of  other  material  greater  than  three   per   cent   (3%)   has   been 
made  subsequently  to  calcination.     No  slag,  Puzzolan,  sand  nor 
mixed   cements  will   be   accepted  under  this   classification.     In 
other  words,  the  cement  shall  be  manufactured  of  a  mixture  of 
argillaceous  and  calcareous  material  in  definite  proportions  and 
shall  contain  no  furnace  slag,  gray  limestone,  hydraulic  lime  or 
trash. 


PORTLAND  CEMENT  43 

226.  Fineness  of  Grinding.    All  cement  shall  be  finely  ground, 
so  that  100%  shall  be  passed  through  a  sieve  of  20  x  20  meshes 
per  square  inch. 

At  least  99%  shall  pass  through  a  sieve  of  50  x  50  meshes 
per  square  inch. 

At  least  92%  shall  pass  through  a  sieve  of  100  x  100  meshes 
per  square  inch. 

At  least  75%  shall  pass  through  a  sieve  of  200  x  200  meshes 
per  square  inch. 

227.  Specific  Gravity.     The  specific  gravity  of  the  cement, 
thoroughly  dried  at  100°  C.,  shall  not  be  less  than  three  and  ten 
one-hundredths  (3.10),  preferably  between  3.12  and  3.25. 

228.  Time  of  Setting.     The  time  of  setting  shall  be  determined 
with  neat   cement   paste   of  normal   consistency  by  the  Vicat 
needle.      The    setting    shall    not   commence   before   thirty    (30) 
minutes,  nor  terminate  in  less  than  one  (1)  hour  nor  more  than 
ten  (10)  hours.     For  slow-setting  cement,  the  initial  set  must 
occur  in  not  less  than  one  hour. 

229.  Tensile   Strength.     Briquettes   one    (1)    square   inch   in 
cross-section,  made  of  normal  consistency  and  kept  twenty-four 
(24)  hours  in  moist  air,  and  the  remaining  time  in  water  at  normal 
temperature,  +70°  F.,  shall  show  at  least  the  following  strength 
as  determined  from  an  average  of  five  specimens: 

(a)  Neat  Cement 

AGE  STRENGTH  * 

24  hours  in  moist  air 175  Ibs. 

7  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,  6  days  in  water) 450  Ibs. 

28  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,  27  days  in  water) 550  Ibs. 

(b)  One  Part  Cement,  Three  Parts  Standard  Sand 

AGE  STRENGTH  * 

7  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,    6  days  in  water) 150  Ibs. 

28  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,  27  days  in  water) 250  Ibs. 

(c)  One  Part  Cement,  Three  Parts  Sand 

AGE  STRENGTH 

7  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,    6  days  in  water) 110  Ibs. 

28  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,  27  days  in  water) 180  Ibs. 

*  The  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials  gives  minimum  requirements 
as  follows:  Neat  Cement,  24  hours,  150-200  Ibs.;  7  days,  450-550  Ibs.; 


44  TEST  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  CEMENT 

The  sand  for  test  (6)  shall  be  standard  quartz  sand,  which 
shall  pass  a  20  x  20  mesh  sieve  and  be  retained  on  a  30  x  30  mesh 
sieve. 

The  sand  for  test  (c)  shall  be  taken  by  the  Engineer  from 
that  used  on  the  work  and  is  intended  as  a  test  of  the  mortar. 

230.  Failure     of    Briquettes    to    Pass    Tests.     Should    the 
briquettes  from  a  slow-setting  cement  fail,  by  a  slight  amount, 
to  pass  the  twenty-four  (24)  hour  or  seven  (7)  day  requirements 
for  neat  cement  only,  the  lot  in  question  will  be  held  awaiting 
the   results   of  the   twenty-eight    (28)    day   briquettes.     Should 
the  results  of  the  seven  (7)  day  tests  on  both  neat  and  mortar 
briquettes  fall  below  the  requirements  stated  herein,  the  ship- 
ment will  be  rejected.     If  the  strength  of  the  twenty-eight  (28) 
day  mortar  briquettes  on  a  lot  held  awaiting  the  results  of  the 
twenty-eight  (28)  day  neat  briquettes  does  not  show  at  least  a 
ten  per  cent   (10%)   increase  over  the  strength  shown  by  the 
seven  (7)  day  mortar  briquettes,  the  lot  will  be  rejected,  even 
if  the  briquettes  show  a  strength  as  herein  required. 

231.  Constancy    of    Volume    or    Soundness.     Circular    pats 
of  neat  cement  paste  three  (3)  inches  in  diameter,  one-half  (i) 
inch  thick  at  the  center  and  tapering  to  a  thin  edge,  shall  be 
kept  in  moist  air  for  twenty-four  (24)  hours. 

(a)  A  pat  shall  be  kept  in  air  at  normal  temperature  for 
twenty-eight  (28)  days. 

(b)  Another  pat  shall  be  kept  in  wafer  maintained  as  near 
70°  F.,  as  practicable  for  twenty-eight  (28)  days. 

(c)  A  third  pat  shall  be  exposed  to  steam  above  boiling  water 
in  a  loosely  closed  vessel  for  five  (5)  hours. 

To  pass  the  requirements,  these  pats  shall  remain  firm  and 
hard,  and  show  no  signs  of  distortion,  checking,  cracking,  dis- 
coloration or  disintegration. 

232.  Failure  of  Pats  to  Pass  Tests  for  Soundness.     In  case 
the  pats  exposed  to  steam,  on  a  lot  of  cement  otherwise  satis- 
factory,  show  signs  of  failure,   two  more  pats  shall   be  made. 
If  one  of  the  extra  pats  fails  after  exposure  to  steam  the  lot  will 
be    held   for   twenty-eight    (28)    days   and   resampled.     If  both 

28  days,  550-650  Ibs.;  1 :  3  mortar,  7  days,  150-200  Ibs. ;  28  days,  200-300  Ibs.; 
the  exact  values  to  be  fixed  in  each  case  by  the  consumer.  If  no  minimum 
strength  is  specified  the  mean  of  these  values  is  to  be  taken  as  the  minimum 
strength  required. 


PORTLAND  CEMENT  45 

of  the  additional  pats  are  sound  the  lot  may  be  accepted.  In 
case  a  lot  is  held  for  resampling  at  the  end  of  twenty-eight  (28) 
days  because  of  failure  of  the  steam  pats,  the  lot  must  pass 
every  requirement  on  the  second  sampling  or  it  will  be  immediately 
rejected. 

In  case  the  normal  pats  on  a  lot  of  cement  held  awaiting  the 
results  of  the  twenty-eight  (28)  day  briquettes  show  signs  of 
disintegration,  the  lot  will  be  rejected,  even  if  it  passes  the  other 
requirements. 

233.  Chemical  Composition.     The  cement  shall  not  contain 
more  than  one  and  seventy-five  one-hundredths  per  cent  (1.75%) 
of  sulphuric  anhydride  or  anhydrous  sulphuric  acid  (80s),  nor 
more  than  four  per  cent  (4%)  of  magnesia  (MgO).     It  shall  also 
contain  no  adulteration  nor  excess  of  ingredients  which,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  Engineer,  shall  render  it  unfit  for  use  in  the  work. 

The  chemical  composition  of  the  cement  shall  also  be  within 
the  following  limits: 

Silica,  21  to  24%. 

Alumina,  5  to  10%. 

Iron  oxide,  2  to  4%. 

Lime,  60  to  65%. 

Alkalies,  not  more  than  3%. 

Clay,  5  to  8%. 

Loss  by  calcination,  carbonic  acid  and  water,  not  more 

than  2J%. 

But  in  certain  cases  where  such  amounts  of  these  substance-, 
are  objectionable  the  Engineer  may  specify  lower  percentages. 
The  cement  shall  not  contain  an  excess  of  free  lime. 

234.  Microscopic  Test.     The  cement  shall  show  no  signs  of 
the  presence  of  detrimental  amount  uncombined    magnesia  as 
indicated  by  the  microscopic  test. 

235.  Color.     The  color  shall  be  a  uniform  bluish  gray,  free 
from  yellow  or  brown  particles.     Yellow  checks  or  places  indicate 
an  excess  of  clay  or  that  the  cement  has  not  been  sufficiently 
burned;    and  it  is  then  probably  a  quick-setting  cement  of  low 
specific  gravity  and  deficient  strength. 


46  TEST  REQUIKEMENTS  FOR  CEMENT 


3.  NATURAL  CEMENT 

236.  Definition.     Natural  cement  is  a  finely  pulverized  prod- 
uct resulting  from  the  calcination  of  limestone  containing  clay 
and  carbonate  of  magnesia  at  a  temperature  only  sufficient  to 
drive  off  the  carbonic  acid  gas.     That  is  to  say,  by  natural 
cement  is  meant  one  made  by  calcining  natural  rock  at  a  heat 
below  incipient  fusion  and  grinding  the  product  to  powder.     No 
slag,  Puzzolan,  nor  sand  cement,  will  be  accepted  under  this 
classification. 

237.  Fineness  of  Grinding.     Cement  shall  be  finely  ground, 
so  that  not  more  than  ten  per  cent  (10%)  by  weight  shall  remain 
on  a  sieve  of  100  meshes  per  lineal  inch,  made  of  No.  40  wire, 
Stubbs'  gage,  and  thirty  per  cent  (30%)  on  a  sieve  of  200  meshes 
per  lineal  inch. 

238.  Specific   Gravity.     The  specific  gravity  of  the  cement, 
thoroughly  dried  at  100°  C.,  shall  not  be  less  than  two  and  eight- 
tenths  (2.8). 

239.  Time  of  Setting.     The  time  of  "  initial  set  "  shall  not 
occur  in  less  than  ten  (10)  minutes,  and  it  shall  reach  its  "  final 
or  hard  set  "  in  not  less  than  thirty  (30)  minutes,  or  in  more  than 
three  (3)  hours.     The  time  of  setting  shall  be  determined  by  means 
of  the  Vicat  needle  from  pastes  of  neat  cement  of  normal  con- 
sistency, the  temperature  being  between  60  and  70°  F. 

240.  Tensile  Strength.     Briquettes  of  cement,  with  one  (1) 
square  inch  of  cross-section,  shall  develop  the  following  ultimate 
tensile  strength  as  determined  from  an  average  of  five  specimens. 

Neat  Cement 

AGE  STRENGTH  * 

24  hours  in  moist  air 75  Ibs. 

7  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,    6  days  in  water) 150  Ibs. 

28  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,  27  days  in  water) 250  Ibs. 

One  Part  Cement,  Two  Parts  Standard  Sand 

AGE  STRENGTH 

7  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,    6  days  in  water) 120  Ibs. 

28  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,  27  days  in  water) 175  Ibs. 

*  The  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials  gives  minimum  requirements 
as  follows:  Neat  Cement,  24  hours,  50-100  Ibs.;  7  days,  100-200  Ibs.;  28  days, 


PUZZOLAN  OR  SLAG  CEMENT  47 

One  Part  Cement,  Three  Parts  Standard  Sand 

AGE  STKENGTH  * 

7  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,    6  days  in  water) 50  Ibs. 

28  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,  27  days  in  water) 110  Ibs. 

For  all  tests  with  sand,  standard  quartz  sand,  which  will 
pass  a  No.  20  sieve  and  remain  on  a  No.  30  sieve,  shall  be  used. 

241.  Constancy  of  Volume  or  Soundness.     Circular  pats  of 
neat  cement  paste  three   (3)   inches  in  diameter,   one-half   (^) 
inch  thick  at  the  center  and  tapering  to  a  thin  edge,  shall  be  kept 
in  moist  air  for  twenty-four  (24)  hours. 

(a)  A  pat  shall  be  kept  in  air  at  normal  temperature  for 
twenty-eight  (28)  days. 

(6)  Another  pat  shall  be  kept  in  water  maintained  as  near  70° 
F.  as  practicable  for  twenty-eight  (28)  days. 

These  pats  shall  remain  firm  and  hard,  and  show  no  signs 
of  distortion,  checking,  cracking,  discoloration  or  disintegration 
after  twenty-eight  (28)  days  in  either  air  or  water. 

242.  Boiling  Test.     A  boiling  test  may  also,  at  the  option 
of  the  Engineer,  be  required,  to  be  made  by  mixing  pats  as  above, 
placing  them  at  once  in  cold  water,  raising  the  temperature  of 
the  water  to  boiling  in  about  an  hour,  continuing  boiling  for 
three  hours,  then  examining  for  checking  and  softening. 

4.  PUZZOLAN  OR  SLAG  CEMENT 

243.  Definition.     This  term  shall   be   applied   to   the   finely 
pulverized    product    made  by  grinding  together  without  subse- 
quent   calcination    granulated    blast-furnace    slag  with    slacked 
lime.     Although  often  sold  under  the  name  of  Portland  cement 
and  available  for  many  of  the  same  processes,  it  is  not  a  true 
Portland  cement  according  to  the  accepted  definitions. 

244.  Fineness  of  Grinding.     Cement  must  be  finely  ground, 
so  that  at  least  ninety-seven  per  cent  (97%)  shall  pass  through 
a  sieve  of  100  x  100  meshes  per  square  inch  made  of  No.  40  wire, 
Stubbs'  gauge. 

200-300.  Ibs.,  1:3  mortar,  7  days,  25-75  Ibs.;  28  days,  75-150  Ibs.,  the  exact 
values  to  be  fixed  in  each  case  by  the  consumer.  If  no  minimum  strength 
is  specified  the  mean  of  these  values  is  to  be  taken  as  the  minimum  strength 
required. 


48  TEST  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  CEMENT 

245.  Specific  Gravity.     The  specific  gravity  of  the  cement, 
thoroughly  dried  at  100°  C.,  shall  be  between  2.7  and  2.8. 

246.  Time  of  Setting.     The  time  of  "  initial  set  "  shall  not 
occur  in  less  than  forty-five  (45)  minutes,  and  shall  acquire  its 
"  final  set  "  in  ten   (10)   hours.     The  time  of  setting  shall  be 
determined  by  means  of  the  Vicat  needle  from  pastes  of  neat 
cement  of  normal  consistency,  the  temperature  being  between 
60  and  70°  F. 

247.  Tensile  Strength.    Briquettes  of  cement,  with  one  (1) 
square  inch  of  cross-section,  shall  develop  the  following  ultimate 
tensile  strength  as  determined  from  an  average  of  five  specimens. 

Neat  Cement 

AGE  STRENGTH 

7  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,    6  days  in  water) 350  Ibs. 

28  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,  27  days  in  water) 500  Ibs. 

One  Part  Cement,  Three  Parts  Standard  Sand 

AGE  STRENGTH 

7  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,    6  days  in  water) 130  Ibs. 

28  days  (1  day  in  moist  air,  27  days  in  water) 220  Ibs. 

For  all  tests  with  sand,  standard  quartz  sand,  which  will 
pass  a  No.  20  sieve  and  remain  on  a  No.  30  sieve,  shall  be  used. 

248.  Constancy  of  Volume  or  Soundness.    Circular  pats  of 
neat  cement  paste  three   (3)   inches  in  diameter,   one-half   (J) 
inch  thick  at  the  center  and  tapering  to  a  thin  edge,  placed  on  a 
glass  plate,  shall   not   show   any   signs  of  warping  or  cracking 
after  twenty-eight  (28)  days  in  water. 

249.  Weight.     The  average  weight  per  barrel  shall  not  be 
less  than  330  pounds  net.     Four  sacks  shall  contain  one  barrel 
of  cement, 


5.  SILICA  CEMENT  OR  SAND  CEMENT 

250.  Definition.     Silica  cement  or  sand  cement  is  a  finely 
pulverized  product  resulting  from  the  grinding  together  of  silica 
or  clean  sand  and  Portland  cement. 

251.  Test  Requirements.     In  all  cases,  the  cement  from  which 
the  product  is  made  shall  be  tested  precisely  as  other  cement. 


SPECIAL  REQUIREMENTS  49 


6.  ADDITIONAL  REQUIREMENTS 

252.  In  General.     Further  requirements  that  the  Engineer 
may  deem  necessary,   or  any  modification  of  the  tests  herein 
given,  in  order  to  secure  the  best  grades  of  cement  that  are  upon 
the  markets,  will  be  made  and  said  additions  and  modifications 
are  hereby  made  a  part  of  these  specifications  and  binding  upon 
the  Contractor. 

253.  Time  of  Setting.     The  requirements  for  setting,  as  above 
stated,  may  be  modified  where  the  conditions  of  the  work  are 
such  as  to  make  it  advisable,  and  the  manufacturer  of  the  cement 
will  be  notified  of  such  change  in  time  of  setting  to  meet  those 
special  requirements. 

254.  Briquettes  Subjected  to  Boiling  Test.     If  so  required 
by  the  Engineer,  pieces  of  briquettes  broken  in  tension  tests  of 
Portland  cement,  either  neat  or  mortar,  must  remain  hard  and 
sound  after  the  same  exposure  to  steam  or  boiling  water  as  specified 
for  the  pats  or  cakes. 


7.  SPECIAL    REQUIREMENTS   (QUICK-SETTING  PORTLAND 

CEMENT) 

255.  In  General.    Where  required  for  pipe  joints  or  elsewhere 
the  Engineer  may  require  a  quick-setting  Portland  cement  which 
shall  meet  the  following  special  requirements,  all  other  require- 
ments being  the  same  as  for  ordinary  Portland  cement  (see  Sec. 
2,  page  42). 

256.  Time  of  Setting.     It  shall  require  not  less  than  fifteen 
(15)  minutes  nor  more  than  thirty  (30)  minutes  to  develop  initial 
set  and  not  over  one  (1)  hour  and  thirty  (30)  minutes  to  develop 
final  set  under  the  normal  conditions  as  prescribed  above. 

257.  Tensile    Strength.     Tensile    strength    of    neat    cement 
shall  be  not  less  than 

24  hours  (in  water  after  hard  set) 100  Ibs.  per  sq.in. 

7  days  (1  day  in  air,    6  days  in  water) 300  Ibs.  per  sq.in. 

28  days  (1  day  in  air,  27  days  in  water) 450  Ibs.  per  sq.in. 


50  TEST  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  CEMENT 


8.  CEMENT  USED  IN  SEA  WATER 

258.  In  General.     When  cement  is  intended  for  concrete  to 
be  deposited  under  water  it  shall  be  first  subjected  to  the  follow- 
ing test : 

259.  Setting  Qualities.     Mix  a  small  batch  (about  one  cubic 
foot)  of  concrete  of  the  proportion  to  be  used  in  the  work,  and 
deposit  it  in  a  barrel  of  the  water  in  which  the  proposed  struc- 
ture is  to  be  built.     If  the  concrete  does  not  "  set  up  "  in  a  manner 
satisfactory  to  the  Engineer  the  cement  shall  be  rejected. 

260.  Testing  Briquettes.    Briquettes  left  in  molds  and  placed 
in  water  immediately  after  mixing  must  harden  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  Engineer,  so  as  to  prove  the  fitness  of  the  cement  for  setting 
under  water.     This  test  may  be  made  a  comparative  one  by 
pitting  the  cement  tested  against  brands  of  established  reputa- 
tion.    Any   cement  not   hardening  under  water  to   the  entire 
satisfaction  of  the  Engineer  will  be  rejected. 


PART  VII 
METHODS  OF  TESTING  CEMENT 

1.  GENERAL  REQUIREMENTS 

261.  In  General.    The  methods  proposed  by  the  Committee 
on  Uniform  Tests  of  Cement  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers,  presented  to  the  society  Jan.  21,  1903,  and  amended 
Jan.  20,  1904,  with  all  subsequent  amendments  thereto,  shall  be 
employed,  unless  otherwise  specified  by  the  Engineer. 

262.  Sampling  Cement.     The  sampling  should  depend  upon 
the  purpose  for  which  the  tests  are  made,  and  upon  the  previous 
tests  that  have  been  made  with  the  same   cement.     Samples 
should  be  taken  from  different  packages  of  each  shipment,  and 
as  near  as  possible  out  of  the  middle  of  the  barrel  or  bag.     (See 
Part  V,  Sec.  2,  page  27.) 

263.  Screening  Samples.     All    samples    should    be    passed 
through  a  sieve  having  twenty  meshes  per  lineal  inch  in  order  to 
break  up  lumps  and  remove  foreign  material. 

264.  Temperature.     All  experiments  shall  be  carried  on,  as 
nearly  as  possible,  at  a  uniform  temperature  of  65°  F.,  except 
when  tests  are  being  made  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the 
comparative  strength  of  cements  required  for  winter  use.     That 
is  to  say,  tests  of  cement  will,  unless  otherwise  specified,  be  made 
at  a  temperature  of  from  60  to  70°  F.     The  temperature  of  the 
water  and  of  the  room  in  which  the  test  pieces  are  made  and 
tested  should  not  be  permitted  to  fall  below  60°  F. 

265.  Proportions.    All  proportions  shall   be   determined  by 
weight. 

266.  Water.     Ordinary    fresh,    clean    water    having    a   tem- 
perature between  60  and  70°  F.,  shall  be  used  for  the  mixture  and 
immersion  of  all  test  pieces  or  samples,  unless  the  nature  of  the 
tests  require  that  sea  water  be  employed. 

51 


52  METHODS  OF  TESTING  CEMENT 

267.  Record  of  Tests.  The  temperature  of  the  air  and  of  the 
water  used  in  mixing  should  be  noted  in  the  record  of  tests.  The 
relative  humidity  of  the  air  should  also  be  observed  and  recorded. 
In  every  case  the  quantity  of  water  used  in  mixing  shall  be  stated 
in  the  report, 


2.  CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS 

268.  In  General.     Chemical  tests  may  be  applied  at  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  Engineer,  and  shall  pass  the  same  to  his  satisfac- 
tion.    All  of  the  elements  found  should  be  indicated,  without 
grouping,  in  the  record  of  proceedings  of  the  operation. 

269.  Method.     As  a  method  to  be  followed  for  the  analysis 
of  cement,  that  proposed  by  the  Committee  on   Uniformity  in 
the  Analysis  of  Materials  for  the  Portland  Cement  Industry,  of 
the  New  York  Section  of  the  Society  for    Chemical  Industry, 
and  published  in  Engineering  News,  Vol.  50,  p.  60,  1903;    and  in 
The  Engineering  Record,  Vol.  48,  p.  49,  1903,  shall  be  followed. 
(See  Part  IX,  page  77.)     Methods  should  be  left  to  the  chemist. 


3.  FINENESS 

270.  In  General.     The  degree  of  pulverization  of  the  cement 
shall  be  ascertained  by  measuring  the  residue  retained  on  certain 
sieves.     Those  known  as  No.  100  and  No.  200  sieves  shall  be 
used  for  this  purpose. 

All  kinds  of  cement  should  be  treated  alike  in  the  shaking 
process. 

271.  Sieves.     The  sieves  should  be  circular,   about  20  cm. 
(7.87  in.)  in  diameter,  6  cm.  (2.36  in.)  high,  and  provided  with  a 
pan  5  cm.  (1.97  in.)  deep,  and  a  cover. 

The  sieves  shall  be  of  brass  wire  having  the  following  diam- 
eters: No.  100,  0.0045  in.;  No.  200,  0.0020  in. 

The  brass  wire  shall  be  mounted  on  the  frames  without  dis- 
tortion. The  mesh  shall  be  regular  in  spacing  and  be  within 
the  following  limits:  No.  100,  96  to  100  meshes  to  the  linear 
inch;  No.  200,  190  to  200  meshes  to  the  linear  inch. 


FINENESS  53 

272.  Amount  of  Cement  to  be  Used.      One  hundred   (100) 
grams  (3.52  oz.)  shall  be  used  for  each  determination,  the  sample 
being  carefully  dried  at  a  temperature  of  100°  C.  (212°  F.)  prior 
to  sieving. 

273.  Hand    Sieving.     The    thoroughly    dried    and    coarsely 
screened  sample  of  cement  shall  be  weighed  and  placed  on  the 
No.  200  sieve,  which,  with  pan  and  cover  attached,  shall  be  held 
in  one  hand  in  a  slightly  inclined  position,  and  moved  forward 
and  backward,  at  the  same  time  striking  the  side  gently  with  the 
palm  of  the  other  hand,  at  the  rate  of  about  200  strokes  per 
minute.     The  operation  shall  be  continued  until  not  more  than 
one-tenth  of  1%  passes  through  after  one  minute  of  continuous 
sieving.     The  residue  shall  then  be  weighed,  and  placed  on  the 
No.   100  sieve  and  the  operation  repeated.     Some  specifications 
require  that  the  shaking  be  continued  until  no  cement  is  seen 
to  fall  upon  a  sheet  of  white  paper  held  below  the  sieve.     In 
other  words,  the  shaking  should  continue  until  no  more  passes 
through. 

274.  Mechanical  Sifter.     A  mechanical  sifter,  working  auto- 
matically by  jig  motion,  may  be  used  instead  of  hand  sieving. 

275.  Examination  of  Sieves.     The  sieves  shall  be  freqeuntly 
examined,  magnified,  if  practicable,  to  see  that  no  wires  are  dis- 
placed, leaving  apertures  larger  than  the  normal. 

276.  Use   of  Shot  or  Small  Weights.     The  introduction  of 
small  weights  or  of  large  shot  into  the  cement,  while  being  sifted, 
is  to  be  deprecated,  as  they  tend  to  push  an  undue  proportion 
of  the  cement  through  the  mesh,  to  stretch  the  wires  and  to 
increase  the  grinding.     (The  Committee  of  the  Am.  Soc.   Civ. 
Engrs.  recommends  hands  if  ting  with  a  small  quantity  of  large 
shot  in  the  sieve). 

277.  Percentage   of  Fineness.     The  weight  of  the  material 
passing  the  sieve  plus  the  weight  of  the  dust  lost  in  air,  expressed 
in  hundredths  of  the  original  weight,  will  express  the  percentage 
of  fineness.     In  order  to  determine  this   percentage   the   residue 
on  the  sieve  must  be  weighed.     The  results   should  be  reported 
to  the  nearest  tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


54 


METHODS  OF  TESTING  CEMENT 


4.  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY 

278.  In  General.     The  sample  will  be  carefully   dried  before 
the    determination    is   made.     Inasmuch    as    the    differences    in 
specific  gravity  are  usually  very  small,  great  care  must  be  exercised 
in   making   the    determination.     The    determination    of    specific 
gravity  shall  be  made  on  the  cement  as  received;    and   should 
it  fall  below  the  standard  required  in  the  specifications,  a  second 
determination  will  be  made  on  the  sample  ignited  at  a  low  red 
heat.     It  cannot  be  too  strongly  emphazised  that  special  care 
must  be  exercised  in  specific  gravity  tests. 

279.  Temperature.     The   standard   temperature   for   specific 
gravity  determinations  is  62°  F.,  but  for  cement  testing  tem- 
peratures may  vary  between  60  and  80°  F.,  without  affecting 
results  more  than  the  probable  error  in  the  observation. 

280.  Apparatus.      Any  approved  form  of  volumenometer  or 
specific    gravity   bottle,    graduated    to    cubic    centimeters  with 


I 


FIG.  1. — Le  Chatelier's  Specific  Gravity  Apparatus. 

decimal  subdivisions,  may  be  used.  The  Le  Chatelier  apparatus 
will  be  accepted  as  satisfactory  and  is  the  one  recommended  by 
the  Committee  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers.  (See 
Fig.  1.)  Accurate  results  may  be  obtained  with  the  picnometer. 
281.  Benzine  or  Kerosene.  Benzine  (62°  Baume*  naphtha), 
or  kerosene  free  from  water,  should  be  used  in  making  the 
determination. 


NORMAL  CONSISTENCY  55 

282.  Determination    of  Specific    Gravity.     Fill   the   specific 
gravity  bottle  to  zero  of  the  scale  with  benzine,  turpentine,  or 
some  other  liquid   having  no   action  upon   cement.     Take   100 
grams  of  sifted  cement  that  has  been  previously  dried  by  exposure 
on  a  metal  plate  for  twenty  (20)  minutes  to  a  dry  heat  of  212°  F., 
and  allow  it  to  pass  slowly  into  the  fluid  of  the  specific  gravity 
bottle,  taking  care  that  the  powder  does  not  stick  to  the  sides 
of  the  graduated  tube  above  the  liquid  and  the  funnel  through 
which  it  is  introduced  does  not  touch  the  fluid.     The  volume 
of  the  displaced  liquid  is  then  carefully  read  to  the  nearest  fraction 
of  a  cubic  centimeter. 

The  specific  gravity  is  then  obtained  by  dividing  100  grams 
by  the  displacement  in  cubic  centimeters,  or  may  be  expressed 
by  the  formula: 

Weight  of  cement,  in  grams, 

Specific  gravity  =  — — —  — — —    — — - — . 

Displaced  volume,  in  cubic  centimeters 

The  specific  gravity  bottle,  during  the  operation,  shall  be 
kept  immersed  in  water  in  a  jar,  in  order  to  avoid  variations  in 
the  temperature  of  the  liquid. 

283.  Results.     The  results  shall  agree  within  0.01. 


5.  NORMAL  CONSISTENCY 

284.  In  General.     In  performing  the  tests  for  tensile  strength, 
soundness,  time  of  setting  and  temperature,  the  cement  will  be 
mixed  with  sufficient  water  to  produce  a  semi-plastic  mass  of 
normal  consistency.     The  determination  of  the  proper  percentage 
of  water  to  be  used  in  making  pastes  from  which  pats,  tests  of 
setting,  briquettes,  etc.,  are  made,  will  consist  in  measuring  the 
amount  of  water  required  to  reduce  the  cement  to  a  given  state 
of  plasticity,  or  what  is  usually  called  the   normal  consistency. 

285.  Apparatus.     For  the  purpose  of  determining  the  normal 
consistency  of  a  mixture  of  cement  and  water  or  a  mixture  of 
cement,  sand  and  water,  the  Vicat  needle  recommended  by  the 
Committee  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  should 
be  used.     (See  Fig.  2.) 

286.  Determining  the  Normal  Consistency.     The  paste  shall 
be  considered  to  be  of  normal  consistency  when  the  cylinder  of 
the  Vicat    needle,  weighing    300  g.  (10.58  oz.)    penetrates  to  a 


56 


METHODS  OF  TESTING  CEMENT 


point  in  the  mass  10  mm.  (0.39  in.)  below  the  top  of  the  ring  or 
the  level  of  the  paste,  great  care  being  taken  to  fill  the  ring 
exactly  to  the  top.  The  trial  pastes  shall  be  made  with  varying 
percentages  of  water  until  the  correct  consistency  is  obtained. 
287.  Simple  Method.  A  simpler  method  for  determining 
the  normal  consistency  for  neat  cement  tests  is  to  mold  a  ball  of 
mortar  in  the  hands  to  a  plastic  state  and  drop  the  same  about 
20  inches  on  the  table.  If  the  ball  neither  flattens  apprecia- 
bly nor  cracks,  the  consistency  is  satisfactory.  This  process  cor- 
responds practically  with  the  previous  method.  If  dropped 


VICAT  NEEDLE: 
FIG.  2. 


20  inches  from  a  metal  trowel,  the  paste  shall  leave  the  trowel 
clean.  Light  pressure  should  bring  water  to  the  surface  and  the 
paste  should  not  stick  to  the  hand. 


6.  TIME  OF  SETTING  OR  SETTING  QUALITIES 

288.  In  General.     This  test  will  consist  in  determining  the 
time  which  elapses  from  the  moment  water  is  added  until  the 
neat   cement   paste   ceases  to   be  fluid   and   plastic    (called   the 
"  initial  set  ")>  and  also  the  time  required  for  the  paste  to  acquire 
a  certain  degree  of  hardness  (called  the  "  final  "  or  "  hard  set  "). 
This  test  should  be  made  only  on  neat  cement. 

289.  Vicat  Needle.     The  time  of  setting  may  be  determined 
with  neat  cement  paste  of  normal  consistency  by  the  Vicat  needle 


TIME  OF  SETTING  OR  SETTING  QUALITIES  57 

recommended  by  the  Committee  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers.     (See  Fig.  2.) 

290.  Gilmore   Needles.     The   time   of   setting   may   also  be 
determined  by  the  Gilmore  needles,  consisting  of  weighted  wires 
of  given  diameter  as  follows;  one-twelfth  (y^)  of  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter weighted  to  one-fourth  (J)  of  a  pound  and  the  other  needle 
one  twenty-fourth  (-£$)  of  an  inch  in  diameter  weighted  to  one 
(1)  pound. 

291.  Amount  of  Water.     These  specifications  contemplate  a 
temperature  varying  not  more  than  10°  from  62°  F.,  and  quan- 
tities of  water  given  herein : 

For  Portland  cement  use  20  per  cent  of  water. 
For  Natural  cement  use  30  per  cent  of  water. 
For  Puzzolan  cement  use  18  per  cent  of  water. 

292.  Sifting  Cement.     The  cement  that  is  to  be  made  in  pats 
or  cakes  should  not  be  sifted,  but  it  is  to  be  used  exactly  as  it 
comes  from  the  barrels  or  bags. 

293.  Mixing  the  Paste.     The  test  for  the  determination  of 
the  time  set  of  the  cement  will  be  made  by  mixing  thoroughly 
the  required  proportions  of  cement  and  water  for  five  minutes, 
vigorously   rubbing   the   mixture   under   pressure;     time   to    be 
estimated  from  the  moment  of  adding  water.     Some  specifica- 
tions require  that  a  quick-setting  cement  be  stirred  one  minute 
and  a  slow-setting  one  three   minutes,  using  sufficient  water  to 
make  a  stiff  paste. 

294.  Molding.     Two  pats  or  cakes  from  the  above  mixture 
shall  be  molded  on  glass  plates,  about  three  (3)  inches  in  diameter 
and  one-half  (J)  inch  thick  at  middle  and  drawn  to  thin  edges. 
The  test  pats  or  cakes   should    be  made  by  rolling  the  cement 
into  balls  and  then  flattening. 

295.  Storage  of  Test  Pieces.     The  test  pieces  shall  be  stored 
in    moist   air   as   soon    as   made,  and   there  remain  during  the 
test.     This  shall  be  accomplished  by  placing  the  test  pieces  on 
a  rack  over  water  contained  in  a  pan  and  covered  with  a  damp 
cloth,  the  cloth  to  be  kept  away  from  them  by  means  of  a  wire 
screen;    or  they  shall  be  stored  in  a  tight  box  not  exposed  to 
currents  of  dry  air,  i.e.,  a  moist  closet. 

296.  Method  of  Testing.     At  the  end  of  the  time  specified 
for  "  initial  "  set  apply  the  needle  one-twelfth  of  an  inch  diameter 
weighted  to  one-fourth  of  a  pound  to  one  of  the    pats.     If  an 


58 


METHODS  OF  TESTING  CEMENT 


indentation  is  made  the  cement  passes  the  requirement  for 
initial  setting,  if  no  indentation  is  made  by  the  needle  the  cement 
is  too  quick  setting.  At  the  end  of  the  time  specified  for  "  final 
set  "  apply  the  needle  one  twenty-fourth  of  an  inch  diameter 
weighted  to  one  pound.  The  cement  should  not  be  indented. 
Initial  set  shall  mean  that  the  pat  supports  J  of  a  pound  on  a 
wire  TV  inch  in  diameter,  and  final  set  that  it  supports  one  pound 
on  a  wire  -£%  inch  in  diameter,  without  indentation. 


7.  BRIQUETTE  MAKING 

(a)  General  Requirements 

297.  In  General.     Briquettes  for  testing  strength  of  cement 
will  be  made  both  of  neat  cement  and  sand  in  the  proportions 
hereinafter  specified. 

298.  Form  of  Briquette.      The  form   of  briquette  used   for 
tensile  strength  determination  will  be  in  accordance  with  the 


DETAILS  FOR  BRIQUETTE. 
FIG.  3. 


American  Society  of  Civil  Engineer's  Standard,  which  is  in  the 
shape  of  the  figure  8,  having  a  cross-section  of  one  (1)  square 
inch  in  the  middle.  (See  Fig.  3.) 


BRIQUETTE  MAKING  59 

299.  Number  of  Briquettes.     Four   briquettes  are   about  the 
maximum  number  that  may  be  made  well  within  the  time  gen- 
erally  required    for   initial    setting    of   moderately   slow-setting 
cements. 

300.  Consistency  of  Mixture.     Enough  water  only  shall  be 
added  to  thoroughly  moisten  the  mixture  and  make  it  coherent. 
That  is  to  say,  all  cement  for  test  briquettes  will  be  mixed  with 
barely  sufficient  water  to  make  a  stiff  dough  or  mortar,  which 
will  be  forced  into  the  mold  by  pressure  or  tamping,  so  as  to 
give  as  nearly  as  possible  the  density  of  good  concrete  work. 
Mixtures  that  at  first  appear  too  dry  for  testing  purposes  may  be 
rendered  more  plastic  under  prolonged  working.     The  consistency 
should  be  such  that  the  briquette,  after  a  certain  degree  of  work- 
ing, exudes  some  mortar  on  its  top  surface. 

301.  Proportions.     All  proportions  should  be  stated  by  weight  ; 
the  quantity  of  water  to  be  used  shall  be  stated  as  a  percentage 
of  the  dry  material.     In  preparing  briquettes  for  test,  sufficient 
material  is  to  be  taken  to  make  one  batch  of  four  briquettes  at  a 
time,  and  enough  water  added  to  make  a  stiff  paste  as  above 
stated. 

302.  Sifting  Cement.     The  cement  that  is  to   be  made  in 
briquettes  should  not  be  sifted,  but  it  should  be  used  exactly  as 
it  comes  from  the  barrels  or  bags. 

303.  Mixing.     The  mixing  for  briquettes  is  best  done  by  a 
large  spoon  in  a  bowl,  by  a  trowel  on  a  table,  or  by  a  machine. 
The  mixing  must  be  uniform. 

304.  Molds.     The  briquettes  are   to   be  formed  in  suitable 
molds.     The  molds   shall   be   made   of  brass,   bronze,    or   some 


DETAILS  FOR  GANG  MOULD. 
FIG.  4. 

equally  non-corrodible  material,  having  sufficient  metal  in  the 
sides  to  prevent  spreading  during  molding.  Gang  molds,  which 
permit  molding  four  briquettes  at  one  time,  are  recommended 
by  the  Committee  of  the  American  of  Civil  Engineers  as  shown  in 
Fig.  4. 


60  METHODS  OF  TESTING  CEMENT 

305.  Molding.     The  molds  in  which  the  briquettes  are  allowed 
to  set  should  be  placed  on  a  table  of  marble  or  polished  metal, 
(without  blotting  paper),  or  rest  directly  on  glass,  slate,  or  other 
non-absorbent  material.     Both  molds  and  slab  should  be  well 
cleaned,  and  rubbed  over  with  a  greasy  cloth. 

306.  Bohme  Hammer  Apparatus.     Both  the  neat  and  mortar 
briquettes  may  be  prepared  by  the  Bohme  Hammer  Apparatus, 
which  is  a  tilt  hammer  with  automatic  action.     The  hammer  is 
driven  by  a  cam  wheel  of  ten  cams  actuated  by  a  simple  gearing. 
The  steel  hammer  weighs  about  4|  Ibs.,  and  when  the  intended 
number  of  blows  has  been  delivered  the  mechanism  is  automat- 
ically checked,   the  proper  setting  having  been  made  for  this 
purpose  before  beginning  the  work.     The  number  of  blows  for 
each  briquette  should  be  150. 

The  hammer  apparatus  of  Bohme  for  making  briquettes  re- 
moves all  variability  in  their  preparation  and  is  to  be  recom- 
mended on  account  of  its  ease  of  operation  and  its  uniformity. 
Many  years  of  experience,  especially  in  Germany,  with  this 
apparatus  have  given  very  satisfactory  results. 

307.  Removing  Briquettes.     Considerable  care  must  be  exer- 
cised in  removing  briquettes  before  hard-set.     After  loosening  the 
latch  of  the  mold,  tap  gently  the  sides  of  the  mold  until  they  fall 
apart.     The   briquettes   should   be   placed   face   down  in  water 
tank  or  pan. 

308.  Weighing  Briquettes.     Briquettes  shall  be  weighed  after 
taking  them  out  of  the  molds  so  as  to  be  assured  of  the  regularity 
of  their  manufacture  and  those  which  vary  in  weight  more  than 
3  per  cent  from  the  average  shall  not  be  tested. 

309.  Storage    of   Briquettes.     All    briquettes    shall    be    kept 
one  day  in  damp  air,  and  submerged  in  clean  water  for  the  remain- 
der of  the  time.     (See  Sec.  8,  page  63.) 

(6)  Neat  Briquettes 

310.  In  General.     Neat  briquettes  will  be  made  by  mixing 
with  the  cement  the  least  quantity  of  water  necessary  to  form  a 
stiff  plastic  mass,  and  the  same  thoroughly  kneaded. 

311.  Number  of  Neat  Briquettes.     At  least  one  batch  of  four 
briquettes  each  of  neat  cement  shall  be  made,  one  briquette  being 
broken  at  seven  (7)  and  twenty-eight  (28)  days,  giving  one  test 
at  each  period. 


BEIQUETTE  MAKING  61 

312.  Amount   of  Water.      Enough   water   shall   be   used   to 
insure  a  homogeneous  briquette,  but  not  enough  to  cause  the 
cement  to  swell  the  above  level  of  the  mold,  or  free  water  to  flow 
to  the  surface  when  smoothed  off  with  a  trowel. 

For  neat  tests  of  Portland  cement  use  20  per  cent  of  water  by 
weight. 

For  neat  tests  of  Natural  cement  use  30  per  cent  of  water  by 
weight. 

For  neat  tests  of  Puzzolan  cement  use  18  per  cent  of  water 
by  weight. 

313.  Molding.     The  molds  shall  be  filled  two-thirds  full  with 
the  plastic  mass  and  the  cement  pressed  in  with  the  thumbs;  then 
filled  completely,  thumbed  again,  and  leveled  off  smoothly  even 
with  the  top  of  the  mold.     The  mold  will  then  be  turned  over, 
the  cement  thumbed  once  and  finished  level  as  directed  for  the 
first  side.     In  other  words,  the  cement  paste  for  making  neat  tests 
shall  be  pressed  into  the  mold  with  the  fingers,  care  being  taken 
to  work  out  all  air  bubbles.     The  excess  paste  at  top  of  mold 
shall  be  removed  with  a  sharp  blade,  and  top  of  briquette  smoothed 
with  trowel.     Adding  cement  paste  after  once  the  molds  have 
been  filled  shall  not  be  allowed.     The  briquette  should  always 
be  finished  on  both  sides  with  the  trowel, 

(c)  Sand  Briquettes 

314.  In  General.     Sand  briquettes  will  be  made  by  mixing 
with  the  cement  the  required  proportions  of  sand,  and  only  enough 
water  added  to  thoroughly  moisten  the  mixture  and  make  it 
coherent. 

315.  Number  of  Sand  Briquettes.     At  least  three  (3)  batches 
of  four  briquettes  each  of  sand  mixtures  shall  be  made,  one  bri- 
quette of  each  batch  being  broken  at  seven  (7)  day  and  twenty- 
eight  (28)  days,  giving  three  tests  at  each  period. 

316.  Proportions.     The  proportions  of  cement  and  sand  and 
water  shall  in  all  cases  be  carefully  determined  by  weight,  not 
guessed  at  as  is  too  frequently  the  case. 

317.  Sand.     The  sand  used  in  test  shall  be  clean,  coarse,  and 
dry,  and  be  such  as  shall  pass  a  No.  20  sieve  (400  meshes  per 
square  inch,  wire  to  be  No.  28  Stubbs'  wire  gauge),  and  to  be 
retained  on  a  No.  30  sieve  (900  meshes  per  square  inch,  wire  to 


62  METHODS  OF  TESTING  CEMENT 

be  No.  31  Stubbs'  gauge).     It  should  be  the  best  quality  obtaina- 
ble of  washed  river  sand. 

317a.  Standard  Sand.  For  purposes  of  comparison,  a  special 
sand  has  been  selected  by  scientists  and  called  the  "  Standard 
Sand."  It  may  be  obtained  from  all  large  testing  laboratories 
and  many  cement  manufacturers.  Results  obtained  with  it, 
however,  are  usually  much  below  those  obtainable  with  com- 
mercial sands. 

318.  Amount  of  Water.     Just  enough  water  shall  be  used  to 
form   a    homogeneous  dense  briquette  without  showing  a  tend- 
ency  for   the   cement  or  water  to   draw   to   the   surface  when 
finished  with  a  trowel. 

Portland  cement  requires  water  from  10  to  12J  per  cent  by 
weight  of  constituent  sand  and  cement  for  maximum  strength  in 
tested  briquettes. 

Natural,  about  15  to  17  per  cent. 

Puzzolan,  about  9  to  10  per  cent. 

319.  Mixing.     The   cement  and  sand  in   proper  proportions 
shall  be  mixed  dry  and  nearly  all  the  water  specified  above  added 
at  once,  the  remainder  as  needed,  and  mix  for  five  minutes  by 
triturating  or  rubbing  together  the  constituents  of  the  mortar. 
This  may  be  done  by  rubbing  between  the  fingers,,  using  rubber 
gloves   for  protection,   or  under   pressure   with   a  trowel.     The 
mixing  is  to  be  done  as  rapidly  as  possible  to  secure  a  thorough 
mixture  of  the  materials.     Five  minutes  is  the  time  of  mixing 
quite   generally    adopted    in    European    specifications    for   hand 
mixing   and  two  minutes  for  machine  mixing.     In  all  cases  the 
sand  and  cement  must  be  thoroughly  mixed  dry  before  adding 
any  water. 

320.  Molding.     The    mortar    for    making    sand    tests    shall 
be  placed  in  the  mold  in  four  layers  of  about  equal  thickness, 
each  of  which  shall  be  compacted  with  a  brass  rammer  weighing 
one  (1)   pound  and  having  a  flat  striking  end  of  three-fourths 
(I)  of  an  inch  diameter  or  seven-tenths  (-&)  of  an  inch  square 
with  rounded   corners.     This  rammer  is  to  be  given  a  drop  of 
one-half  (|)  inch  with   thirty  (30)  drops   for    each  layer  evenly 
distributed  over  same.     That  is  to  say,  the  tapping  or  ramming 
is  to  be  done  as  follows:    while  holding  the  forearm  and  wrist 
at  a  constant  level,  raise  the  rammer  with  the  thumb  and  fore- 
finger about  half  an  inch  and  let  it  fall  freely,  repeating  the 


STORAGE  OF  TEST  PIECES  63 

operation   until    the   layer   is   uniformly   compacted   by  thirty 
taps. 

The  excess  mortar  at  top  of  mold  shall  be  removed  with  a 
sharp  blade  and  top  of  briquette  smoothed  with  trowel  without 
further  compacting.  The  briquette  need  only  be  finished  on  the 
upper  side  with  the  trowel. 


8.  STORAGE  OF  TEST  PIECES 

321.  In  General.    All  test  pieces  for  soundness  and  tensile 
strength  will  be  placed  in  a  moist  closet  or  under  a   damp  cloth 
as  soon  as  made,  and  there  remain  until  the  end  of  the  first  twenty- 
four  (24)   hours.     After  the  expiration  of  the  first  twenty-four 
(24)  hours  the  test    pieces   will   be    placed  in  their   respective 
places  of  storage,  and  there  remain  until  completion  of  tests. 

The  test  pieces  must  be  protected  from  currents  of  air  and 
from  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun. 

322.  Use  of  Moist  Closet.     The  briquettes  should  be  placed 
in  a  damp  chamber  (zinc  lined)  furnished  with  a  lid  (also  zinc 
lined)  to  prevent  the  irregular  drying  of  the  briquettes.     Great 
care  must  be  taken  to  keep  the  air  space  in  the  moist  closet 
saturated. 

323.  Use    of   Damp    Cloth.      Where    a   moist    closet   is   not 
available,  a  cloth  may  be  used  and  kept  uniformly  wet  by  immers- 
ing the  ends  in  water.     The  cloth  shall  be  kept  from  direct  con- 
tact with  the  test  pieces  by  means  of  a  wire  screen  or  some  similar 
arrangement,  and  be  protected  from  dust. 

324.  Storage    in   Water.     After   twenty-four    (24)    hours   in 
moist  air,  the  test  pieces  for  longer  periods  of  time  shall  be  im- 
mersed in  water  maintained  as  near  21°  C.  (70°  F.)  as  practicable. 
Test  pieces  may  be  stored  in  tanks  or  pans,  which  should  be  non- 
corrodible  material,  and  shall  be  completely  submerged  during 
the  whole  period  of  hardening.     The  water  should  be  renewed 
twice  a  week  for  the  specified  time  if  running  water  is  not  available 
for  a  slow  current.     Some  specifications  allow  the  water  to  be 
renewed  every  week. 

If  test  pieces  are  immersed  in  sea  water,  renewal  should 
take  place  every  two  days  during  the  first  week,  and  after  that 
every  week. 


64 


METHODS  OF  TESTING  CEMENT 


9.  TENSILE  STRENGTH 


325.  In  General.      The  tests  for  tensile  strength  are  to  be 
made   immediately   after   taking   from   the   water   or   while   the 
briquettes  are  still  wet. 

The  tests  are  to  be  made  upon  briquettes  one  (1)  square 
inch  at  place  of  rupture  and  of  the  form  recommended  by  the 
Committee  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  held  when 
tested  by  close-fitting  metal  clips,  without  rubber  or  other  yielding 
contacts.  The  breaks  considered  in  the  tests  are  to  be  those 
occurring  at  the  smallest  section,  one  (1)  inch  square. 

326.  Number  of  Tests.     For  ordinary  practice  two  or  more 
briquettes,  generally  three,  will  be  sufficient  for  each  set  of  tests. 

327.  Size  of  Clips.     The  bearing  at  each  point  of  contact 
shall  be  one-quarter  Q)  of  an  inch  wide,  and  the  distance  between 

the  center  of  contact  on  the  small  clip  shall 
be  one  and  one-quarter  (1J)  inches.  (See 
Fig.  5.) 

328.  Type  of  Testing  Machine.     The  tests 
may   be    made    on    any   standard    machine. 
Testing    machines    shall   be    of   the    positive 
lever  automatic  type,  so  arranged  as  to  apply 
the  loads  quietly  and  uniformly.     A  machine 
that    applies    the    stress    automatically  at    a 
uniform    rate  is  preferable  to  one    controlled 
entirely  by  hand.     Either  Fairbanks  or  Riehle 
machines  may  be  used  for  breaking  briquettes 
in  a  test  for  tensile  strength. 

329.  Testing  Briquettes.      Care    shall    be 
taken    in    centering    the    briquettes    in    the 
testing    machine.      The    load    shall    not    be 

applied  too  suddenly.  Care  must  also  be  taken  that  the  clips 
and  the  sides  of  the  briquette  be  clean  and  free  from  grains  of 
sand  or  dirt,  which  would  prevent  a  good  bearing.  The  load 
shall  be  applied  at  the  rate  of  six  hundred  (600)  pounds  per 
minute.  The  pull  should  be  central,  along  the  axis  of  the 
briquette.  Only  briquettes  breaking  in  the  smallest  transverse 
sections  are  to  be  accepted  as  satisfactorily  tested. 


FORM  OF  CUR 
FIG.  5. 


CONSTANCY  OF  VOLUME  OR  SOUNDNESS  65 

330.  Expressing  Results.    The  results  of  tests  will  be  expressed 
by  saying  that  "  the  resistance  to  tension  measured  by  operating 
on  standard  briquettes  in  the  shape  of  a  figure  8  (see   Fig.  3), 
one  square  inch  in  cross-section  is  so  many  pounds  per  square 
inch."  No  record  to  be  taken  of  briquettes  breaking  at  other  than 
the  smallest  section. 

331.  Measuring     Breaking     Area    of     Briquette    (Alternate 
Clause).     In    determining    the    tensile    strength    of    briquettes, 
the  area  of  the  broken  surface  shall  be  measured  with  great 
accuracy,  as  errors  exceeding  10  per  cent  are  otherwise  possible. 

332.  Average  Results.     The  average  results  for  each  set  of 
briquettes  made  at  one  time  shall  be  considered  the  governing 
test,  excluding  any  results  which  are  manifestly  faulty. 

333.  Highest  Result  (Alternate  Clause).     The  highest  result 
from  a'ny  sample  shall  be  taken  as  the  strength  of  the  sample 
when  the  break  is  of  the  least  section  of  the  briquette.     That  is 
to  say,  only  the  highest  test  of  the  group  is  to  be  taken  as  the 
strength  of  the  cement. 

334.  Decisive  Tests.     The  decisive  tests  shall  be   considered 
as  the  average  of  five  briquettes.     The  extreme  variation  between 
the  mean  of  five  briquettes  should  not  be  over  fifteen  (15)  per 
cent. 

10.  CONSTANCY  OF  VOLUME  OR  SOUNDNESS 

335.  In  General.     The  soundness  of  the  cement  will  be  deter- 
mined by  mixing  the  cement,  and  molding  same  on  glass  into 
pats   about  three   (3)   inches   in   diameter,   and   about   one-half 
(!)   inch  thick  in  center  with  thin  edges,   not  over  one-eighth 
(I)  inch  at  the  circumference. 

The  signs  of  change  in  volume  are  generally  shown  after  three 
days;   in  any  case  an  observation  of  28  days  is  sufficient. 

336.  Making   Pats.     Pats  or  cakes   of  neat  cement  shall  be 
made  by  rolling  the  cement  paste  into  balls  and  flattening  to  the 
form  specified,  care  being  taken  to  thoroughly  work  the  cement 
so  as  to  prevent  any  cracking  at  the  edges  on  account  of  initial 
stresses.     Pats  must  be  protected  from  drafts  of  air,  and  from 
jarring.      The   pats,    especially   those   of   slow-setting   cements, 
should  be  protected  from  drying  out  by  storing  in  a  covered 
box  until  the  setting  is  finished. 


66 


METHODS  OF  TESTING  CEMENT 


337.  Classes  of  Tests.  Tests  for  constancy  of  volume  or 
soundness  may  be  divided  into  two  classes:  (1)  Normal  tests, 
or  those  made  either  in  air  or  water  maintained  in  air  at  about 


21°  C.  (70°  F.),  and  (2)  Accelerated  tests,  or  those  made  in  air, 
steam,  or  water  at  a  temperature  of45°C.  (113°F.)  and  upward. 
The  pats  will  be  subjected  to  the  boiling  test,  cold-water  test  and 
air  test,  unless  otherwise  specified. 


HOMOGENEITY  (MICROSCOPICAL  TESTS)  67 

33.8.  Normal  Tests,  (a)  Cold-water  test  will  consist  of  placing 
a  pat  after  twenty-four  (24)  hours  old,  in  water  maintained  as 
near  21°  C.  (70°  F.)  as  possible  for  twenty-eight  (28)  days. 

(b)  Air  test  will  consist  of  subjecting  a  pat  after  twenty-four 
(24)  hours  in  mo'.st  air  to  the  atmosphere  of  the  laboratory,  and 
observing  at  intervals. 

339.  Accelerated  or  Boiling  Test.     The  boiling  test  will  con- 
sist of  placing  a  pat  after  twenty-four  (24)  hours  in   moist   air, 
on  a  screen  in  steam  over  boiling  water  in  a  loosely  closed  vessel 
for  five   (5)   hours.     (See  Fig.   6.)     Some  specifications  require 
that  the  pat  be  exposed  to  an  atmosphere  of  steam  for  three  hours, 
and  then  to  be  submerged  in  boiling  water  for  three  hours.     Other 
accelerated  tests  use  moist  hot  air,  steam  and  hot-water,  steam 
or  water  under  pressure,  dry  closets  under  a  temperature  above 
boiling-point,  and  a  gas  flame.     The  steam  and  hot-water  tests 
are  most  uniform  and  satisfactory  and  the  boiling  test  is  much 
the  easiest  of  applications. 

340.  Test  Requirements.     There  must  be  no  change  of  color 
or  form  or  checking,  cracking  or  disintegration  of  the  pat  when 
subjected  to  the  above  tests. 

Should  the  pat  leave  the  glass  plate,  distortion  may  be  detected 
best  with  a  straight-edge  applied  to  the  surface  which  was  in 
contact  with  the  plate. 

341.  Use  of  Glass  Tube.     In  addition  to  the  above  tests  for 
determining   the   soundness   of   cement   the    following    may    be 
employed. 

A  small  quantity  of  cement  should  be  mixed  with  only  suf- 
ficient water  to  give  it  the  consistency  of  wet  sand,  and  then 
immediately  pressed  into  a  glass  tube  of  about  one-half  inch  in 
diameter.  Within  two  or  three  days  any  swelling  will  show  by 
the  glass  bursting;  or  shrinkage,  by  the  cement  becoming  loose 
in  tube;  either  defect  may  be  a  cause  for  rejection  of  the  cement. 


11.  HOMOGENEITY  (MICROSCOPICAL  TESTS) 

342.  In  General.  The  magnifying  glass  may  be  used  to  give 
indications  of  the  degree  of  homogeneity  of  cements.  Micro- 
scopical tests  are  generally  considered  to  be  unnecessary, 
but  they  are  of  some  value  in  determining  adulterants  and  the 


63 


METHODS  OF  TESTING  CEMENT 


character  of  the  grains  of  cement,  thus  giving  some  check  on 
burning  and  grinding. 

343.  Magnifying  Powers.     Magnifying  powers  of  about  three 
diameters  may  be  used  for  the  genejal  examination  and  of  eight 
for    the    detailed    examination.     From    a    hand    microscope    to 
magnifying  powers  of  80  to  600  diameters  are  recommended  by 
various  engineers. 

344.  Identifying     Foreign    Material.      If     the    examination 
reveals  the  presence  of  grains  suspected  of  coming  from  foreign 
materials  in  the  cement,   the  nature  of  those  may  be  verified 
either  by  complete  or  partial   chemical   analysis   of  the   entire 
product  or  of  the  suspected  portions,  or  by  any  other  means  that 
may  be  judged  most  suitable  to  identify  the  foreign  material. 


12.  MISCELLANEOUS  TESTS 


345.  Compressive  Strength.  Compressive  tests  are  to  be 
recommended,  because  Compressive  strength  is  required  in 
practice,  and  because  such  tests  give  more  reliable  results  than 
tensile  experiments. 

The  specimens  should  be  cubes,  having  each  face  about 
4  square  inches  in  area.  They  should  be  prepared  like  tension 


MOULD  FOR  COMPRESSION  TEST  PIECES 
FIG.  7. 

briquettes  (see  Sec.  7,  page  58),  but  should  be  left  in  the  molds 
24  hours.  (See  Fig.  7.) 

The  cube  is  to  be  so  placed  in  the  machine  that  the  pressure 
comes  upon  two  lateral  faces  and  not  upon  the  top  and  bottom 
faces.  That  is  to  say,  the  pressure  should  always  be  exerted 
on  the  side  and  surfaces  of  the  cube,  and  not  on  the  bottom  and 
upper  troweled  surface,  in  order  to  get  a  uniform  result. 

There  are  several  methods  of  getting  a  true  bearing  in  the 


MISCELLANEOUS  TESTS  69 

press  or  testing  machine,  truing  with  trowel,  setting  against 
glass  and  the  use  of  sheets  of  lead,  thick  paper  or  cardboard, 
plaster  of  Paris,  or  fine  sand. 

Five  cubes  should  be  crushed;  but  in  case  of  dispute,  ten 
must  be  tested.  Compressive  tests  should  be  determined  after 
28  days,  it  being  impossible  to  accurately  determine  the  cement- 
ing power,  when  comparing  different  kinds  of  cement,  in  a 
shorter  period  of  time.  In  other  words  the  strength  of  various 
samples  of  cement  may  be  alike  after  28  days,  whereas  there 
may  be  a  material  difference  in  the  strength  of  the  samples 
after  only  7  days. 

The  briquettes  should  be  prepared  from  a  mixture  of  1  part 
of  cement  and  3  of  sand. 

Bending,  adhesion,  abrasion,  resistance  to  freezing  and 
resistance  to  action  of  sea  water  are  all  advised  by  a  few  experts, 
but  there  are  no  settled  opinions  as  to  their  general  value  and  the 
methods  of  making  them. 

346.  Transverse  Strength.     The  form  and  dimensions  of  the 
specimens  will  depend  upon  the  purpose  of  the  test,  but  should 
be  as  large  as  possible.     They  should  be  made  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  tensile  briquettes. 

347.  Adhesion  Tests.     Adhesion  tests   may   be   valuable   in 
some  cases,  but  no  agreement  has  been  reached  as  to  the  method 
of  procedure,  and  many  difficulties  are  generally  encountered  in 
making  them. 

348.  Abrasion  Tests.     Tests  for  abrasion  may  be  used  for 
cements  to  be  used  in  floor  construction  and  street  pavements. 
Machines  are  made  for  tests  of  abrasion  of  cement  and  concrete. 

349.  Resistance  to  Freezing.     Tests  for  resistance  to  frost 
are  desirable  for  cements  which  are  to  be  exposed  to  the  weather 
and  must  be  arranged  according  to  local  circumstances. 

350.  Resistance  to  Action  of  Sea  Water.     Tests  for  resistance 
to  the  action  of  salt  water  must  be  arranged  according  to  local 
circumstances. 

351.  Slag  Adulteration.     Slag  adulteration  may  be  detected 
by  stirring  the  cement  into  a  mixture  of  methylene  iodide  and 
benzine.     When  allowed  to  stand  the  cement  will  settle  to  the 
bottom,  with  the  slag  on  top.     The  density  of  the  mixture  must 
be  carefully  fixed  at  the  desired  amount,  say  2.95,  by  adding  the 
proper  amount  of  benzine. 


70  METHODS  OF  TESTING  CEMENT 

352.  Other  Tests.  A  number  of  other  tests  are  proposed  for 
special  purposes,  but  they  need  not  be  considered  here,  as  the 
tests  given  are  those  which  are  of  most  value  for  commercial 
purposes,  and  those  not  mentioned  are  of  little  value  unless  made 
and  interpreted  by  experts. 


PART  VIII 

SIGNIFICANCE  OF  TESTS  OF  CEMENT 
1.  SAMPLING  CEMENT  FOR  TESTS 

353.  In  General.     At  least  one  barrel  in  every  ten  should  be 
sampled  and  each  sample  should  be  a  fair  average  of  the  contents 
of  the  package  from  which  it  is  taken. 

354.  Selection  of  Samples  from  Sides  of  Packages.     It  is 
certainly  desirable  to  select  some  samples  from  the  centers  of 
sacks  or  barrels,  but  there  are  many  cases  where  samples  taken 
from  the  sides  of  these  packages  would  better  determine  the 
suitability  of  the  cement  for  use.     It  is  no  uncommon  thing  to 
find  the  cement  near  the  staves  of  the  barrels,  to  say  nothing  of 
that  near  the  cloth  of  the  sacks,  slightly  affected  by  dampness, 
while  the  center  is  entirely  unaffected.     It  may  be  said,  how- 
ever, that  the  object  of  the  testing  is  the  determination  of  the 
quality  of  cement  in  good  condition.     But  on  actual  work,  it 
is  of  the  highest  importance  to  determine  the  quality    of  all 
cement  offered. 

2.  CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS 

355.  In    General.     Chemical    tests    and    full     quantitative 
analyses   are   strongly  recommended   and  preference  should  be 
given  to  cements,  of  which  analyses  are  furnished  by  the  manu- 
facturers. 

356.  Magnesia.     Chemical  analysis  should  be  made  when  it 
is  suspected  that  magnesia  is  present  in  large  amounts,  or  for 
mixed  cements.     The  most  dangerous  feature  in  Portland  cement 
is  the  presence  of  too  much  magnesia  and  an  excess  of  free  lime, 
the  latter  indicated  by  the  cracks  and  distortions  in  the  test  pats 
or  cakes,  and  the  former  in  the  deficiency  of  tensile  strength  of  the 

71 


72  SIGNIFICANCE  OF  TESTS  OF  CEMENT 

briquettes.  Over  4  per  cent  of  magnesia  is  excessive  and  danger- 
ous. Some  specifications  state  that  no  Portland  cement  will  be 
accepted  which  contains  more  than  two  per  cent  of  magnesia 
in  any  form. 

3.  FINENESS  OF  GRINDING 

357.  In  General.     The  finer  the  grinding  the  more  efficient 
and  satisfactory  will  be  the  action  of  the  cement,  other  things 
being  equal.     That  is  to  say,  the  more  finely  cement  is  pulverized, 
all  other  conditions  being  the  same,  the  more  sand  it  will  carry 
and   produce   a  mortar   of   a   given   strength.     The   most   rigid 
fineness  specification  could  be  filled  by  a  cement  which  would 
be  many  degrees  too  coarse.     By  a  fine  cement  is  not  necessarily 
meant  a  cement  so  ground  as  to  show  a  good  sieve  test,  but 
rather  a  cement  that  contains  a  large  percentage  of  flour.     The 
same  cement  may  also  happen  to  contain  a  large  percentage 
of  coarse  material. 

358.  Use  of  Plates.     Plates  with  round  holes  are  to  be  pre- 
ferred to  wire  screens,  but  it  is  difficult  to  manufacture  them. 

359.  Mechanical  Sifter.     Mechanical   shaking  has  not  been 
found  satisfactory,  especially  for  fine  cements,  and  hand  sifting 
is  to  be  preferred. 

4.  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY 

360.  In  General.     The  specific  gravity  determination  cannot 
in  itself  be  considered  an  indication  of  the  adulteration  of  Port- 
land cement,  until  placed  in  comparison  with  other  tests  indicat- 
ing quality.     The  test  for  specific  gravity  is  of  some  value  in 
dealing  with  one  brand  of  cement,  but  its  determination  is  not 
absolutely  necessary. 

The  specific  gravity  of  cement  is  lowered  by  underburning, 
adulteration  and  hydration,  but  the  adulteration  must  be  in 
considerable  quantity  to  affect  the  results  appreciably.  Specific 
gravity  tests  should  not  be  taken  as  a  direct  indication  of  under- 
burning. 

The  specific  gravity  of  Portland  cement  depends  upon  its 
age,  and  the  opportunities  which  it  has  been  afforded  of  absorbing 
water  and  carbonic  acid  from  the  atmosphere. 


NOKMAL  CONSISTENCY— TIME  OF  SETTING  73 


5.  NORMAL  CONSISTENCY 

361.  In  General.     In  order  to  ensure  the  necessary  uniformity 
in  carrying  out  tests  for  setting,  soundness  or  tensile  strength, 
etc.,  it  is  exceedingly  important  to  use  a  proper  percentage  of 
water  in  making  the  pastes  from  which  pats  and  briquettes  are 
made.     In  fact  the  results  are  vitally  affected  if  the  proper  amount 
is  not  used. 

362.  Determination.      The  determination  consists  in  measur- 
ing the  amount  of  water  required  to  reduce  the  cement  to  a  given 
state  of  plasticity,  such  that  the  paste  shall  leave  the  trowel 
cleanly  and  in  a  compact  mass.     That  is  to  say,  when  the  cement 
is  gauged  with  the  proper  amount  of  water  it  shall  form  a  smooth, 
easily  worked  paste,  that  does  not  require  the  trowel  to  be  scraped 
off  or  otherwise  handled  to  clean  it  from  the  gauged  cement.    The 
trial  pastes  must  be  made  with  varying  percentages  of  water 
until  the  correct  consistency  is  obtained. 


6.  TIME  OF  SETTING 

363.  In  General.     This  test  is   seldom  used   as  a  basis  of 
comparison,  but  merely  to  see  if  the  cement  is  sufficiently  slow 
in  its  setting  action  to  be  properly  manipulated  or  whether  it 
hardens  rapidly  enough  to  satisfy  the  requirements  of  the  work 
on  which  it  is  to  be  observed.     The  setting  time  of  cement  has 
been  found  to  bear  an  important  relation  to  its  strength.     If 
possible,   specifications  concerning  the  setting  time  should  not 
be  limited  too  closely. 

364.  Slow-setting  Cements.     If  a  cement  is  found  to  be  very 
slow  in  setting  it  is  probable  that  an  excess  of  lime  has  been  used 
or  that  the  material  has  been  imperfectly  ground.     Slow-setting 
cements  are  apt  to  be  stronger  than  those  which  set  more  quickly. 

365.  Quick-setting    Cements.      Quick-setting    cements,   that 
is  those  that  set  inside  of  four  hours,  are  apt  to  be  overclayed 
and  are  apt  to  contain    less  of  the  active  materials  to  which 
cement  owes  its  strength.     That  is  to  say,  if  a  cement  sets  very 
quickly  by  heating  during  the  mixing  process  and  is  found  of 
low  tensile  strength,  it   is  probable  that  an  excess  of  clay  has 
been  used  or  that  the  cement  is  low  in  sulphuric  acid  (SOs). 


74  SIGNIFICANCE  OF  TESTS  OF  CEMENT 

Quick-setting   cements    are   not  necessarily  prompt   hardeners; 
they  are  usually  the  reverse. 

366.  "Flash  Set."     If  a  cement  has   a   "  flash  set  "   or  is 
extremely  quick  in  this  particular  but  hardens  only  very  slowly, 
there  is  a  probability  that  an  excess  of  alumina  is  involved  usually 
combined  with  everburning. 

367.  Temperature.     In   order   to   obtain   uniform   results   in 
determining  the  setting  of  cement,  it  is  of  importance  to  carry 
out  tests  at  a  mean  temperature  of  both  air  and  water  of  60  to 
70°  F.,  as  the  setting  is  influenced  by  the  temperature  of  the  air 
and  of  the  water  used  in  mixing;    a  high  temperature  quickens 
the  setting,  a  low  temperature  on  the  other  hand,  retards  it. 


7.  TENSILE  STRENGTH 

368.  In  General.     Experience  has  shown  that  a  great  variety 
of   results   are   obtained   with   the   same   cement   with   different 
manipulators  owing  to  the  varying  degree  of  compression  used 
in  filling  the  molds,  varying  all  the  way  from  the  pressure  of  the 
finger  to   hard   ramming,  and  to   the  varying   lengths    of   time 
used  in  mixing,  as  well  as  the  type  and  condition  of  the  testing 
machine-. 

369.  Neat  Tests.     The  neat  tests  are  of  less  value  than  those 
of  briquettes  made  of  sand  and  cement.     Some  engineers  con- 
sider the  "  Neat  Test  "  an  unimportant  and,  therefore,  unnec- 
essary requirement,  in  a  specification  governing  the  acceptance 
of   Portland    cement   for   reinforced    concrete   work.     Complete 
laboratory  tests  for  a  scientific  purpose  demand  tests  with  sand, 
but  the  regularity  of  manufacture  of  any  given  brand  can  be 
ascertained  by  testing  neat  samples.      The  strength  of  cement 
should  not  be  gauged,  however,  by  the  results  of  neat  tests,  but 
should  invariably  be  made  to  depend  upon  long-time  experiments 
on  sand  mixtures. 

370.  Seven-day  Test.     A  high    seven-day    sand  test    is    an 
indication  of  prompt  hardening  of  cement. 

371.  Twenty-eight    Day    Test.      Cement  that  will   stand   a 
high  test  for  seven  days  may  have  an  excess  of  lime,  which  will 
cause  it  to  deteriorate.     The  twenty-eight  day  test  is,  therefore, 
very  useful.     Any  cement  not  showing  an  increase  of  strength 


CONSTANCY  OF  VOLUME  OR  SOUNDNESS  75 

in  the  twenty-eight  day  tests  over  the  seven-day  tests  should  be 
rejected. 

372.  Extended  Tests.     Longer  tests  than  twenty-eight  days 
are  of  value  when  it  is  desired  to  learn  the  rate  of  hardening. 


8.  CONSTANCY  OF  VOLUME  OR  SOUNDNESS 

373.  In   General.      The  test  for  change  of  volume  is  very 
important,   for  expansion  in  any  work  into  which  the  cement 
enters  would  be  fatal  to  reliability.     It  is  therefore  highly  essential 
to  determine  such  qualities  at  once,  tests  of  this  character  being 
made  for  the  most  part  in  a  very  short  time.     Thin  pats  or  cakes 
of  neat  cement  allowed  to  take  final  set  in  moist  air  must  with- 
stand   indefinite  exposure  in  water  or  air  at  any  temperature 
to  which  the  cement  may  be  exposed  in  the  work,  without  giving 
any  evidence  of  swelling,  checking  or  warping  out  of  shape,  or 
softening.     The   constancy   of   volume   of   all   cement   must   be 
perfect. 

374.  Boiling  Test.      The    boiling  water  test  is  designed  to 
ascertain  the  durability  of  the  cement,  and  is  intended  to  show 
in  a  few  hours  what  would  take  a  long  period  otherwise.     This 
test  is  supposed  to  show  whether  an  excess  of  free  lime  is  in  the 
cement.     Of  two  or  more  cements  offered,  all  of  which  will  stand 
the  fresh-water  pat  test  for  constancy  of  volume,  the  cements 
that  will  stand  the  boiling  test  also  are  to  be  preferred.     An 
unfavorable  boiling  test  should  not  itself  be  a  cause  for  rejection, 
but  that  chemical  analyses  be  made  and  the  boiling  test  repeated 
at  a  later  period. 

375.  Unsatisfactory  Boiling  Test.     If  a  sample  fails  in  the 
boiling  test  the  shipment  should  be  held  for  at  least  28  days  and 
then  a  second  determination  made  upon  a  fresh  sample.     If  the 
second  sample  passes  the  test  it  indicates  that  the  first  sample 
needed  seasoning.     If  the  second  test  fails  and  the  tensile  strength 
is  low  the  shipment  should  be  considered  as  suspicious.     If  a 
cement  fails  in  a  boiling  test  it  is  probably  that  an  excess  of  lime 
has  been  used  or  that  the  material  has  been  imperfectly  ground. 

376.  Examination  of  Pats  for   Cracks,   etc.      In  examining 
pats  for  cracks,  the  fine  cracks  found  on  the  surface,  that  cross 
and  recross  each  other,  are  not  due  to  expansion,  cracking  and 


76  SIGNIFICANCE  OF  TESTS  OF  CEMENT 

disintegration  of  the  cement,  but  are  merely  the  result  of  changes 
of  temperature.  The  cracks  due  to  expansion,  cracking  and 
disintegration  are  wedge-shaped,  running  from  the  center  and 
usually  accompanied  by  a  certain  amount  of  disintegration, 
especially  at  the  edges. 

377.  Shrinkage  Cracks.    These  are  usually  caused  by  the  use 
of  too  wet  a  mixture  or  produced  by  too  great  rapidity  of  drying. 
Dry    air   will   usually   produce  this   effect  so   that  such  cracks 
indicate   improper  manipulation   and  not   dangerous   properties 
in  the  cement. 

378.  Pats  which  Have  Curled  up  at  Edges.     Cracks   caused 
by  the  curling  of  the  edges  of  the  cement  away  from  the  glass 
while  the  pat  still  adheres  is  a  common  occurrence  in  air  pats 
and  should  not  be  considered  dangerous  unless  extreme  in  char- 
acter.    It  should  not  occur  in  water  pats.     If  such  cracks  are 
found  in  water  pats  they  denote  the  existence  of  qualities  which 
should  ordinarily  condemn  the  sample. 

379.  Pats  which  Have  Left  Glass.      Pats  which  have  left 
the  glass  because  of  the  mere  lack  of  adhesion  in  either  air  or 
water  pats  should  not  be  considered  dangerous.     A  curvature 
greater  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch  caused  by  expansion  or  con- 
traction should  be  sufficient  to  condemn  the  same. 

380.  Pats   Causing  Glass   to  Break.     Occasionally  the  glass 
will  break  while  the  cement  pat  still  adheres  to  it.     This  is  not 
usually  indicative  of  poor  quality. 

381.  Radial   Cracks.      Radial    cracks    incident    to    incipient 
disintegration  should   always  warrant  rejection  of   the  sample. 

382.  Blotching.     If  a  pat  is    blotched,   special   investigation 
should  be  given  to  its  cause,  which  may  be  either  adulteration 
or  underburning. 


PART   IX 

METHODS   OF   CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS   OF  PORT- 
LAND  CEMENT 

THE  following  matter  on  the  methods  of  chemical  analysis  of 
Portland  cements  is  taken  from  the  report  of  the  Committee  on 
Uniformity  in  Technical  Analysis  of  the  Society  for  Chemical 
Industry,  New  York  Section. 

NEW  YORK   SECTION   SOCIETY   FOR  CHEMICAL 
INDUSTRY 

METHOD  SUGGESTED  FOR  THE  ANALYSIS  OF  LIMESTONES,  RAW 
MIXTURES  AND  PORTLAND  CEMENTS  BY  THE  COMMITTEE  ON 
UNIFORMITY  IN  TECHNICAL  ANALYSIS  WITH  THE  ADVICE  OF 

W.  F.  HlLLEBRAND. 

1.  SOLUTION 

383.  Solution.  One-half  gram  of  the  finely-powdered  sub- 
stance is  to  be  weighed  out  and,  if  a  limestone  or  unburned  mixture, 
strongly  ignited  in  a  covered  platinum  crucible  over  a  strong 
blast  for  fifteen  minutes,  or  longer  if  the  blast  is  not  powerful 
enough  to  effect  complete  conversion  to  a  cement  in  this  time.  It 
is  then  transferred  to  an  evaporating  dish,  preferably  of  platinum 
for  the  sake  of  celerity  in  evaporation,  moistened  with  enough 
water  to  prevent  lumping,  and  5  to  10  c.c.  of  strong  HC1  added 
and  digested  with  the  aid  of  gentle  heat  and  agitation  until 
solution  is  complete.  Solution  may  be  aided  by  light  pressure 
with  the  flattened  end  of  a  glass  rod.*  The  solution  is  then 
evaporated  to  dryness,  as  far  as  this  may  be  possible  on  the  bath. 

*  If  anything  remains  undecomposed  it  should  be  separated,  fused  with 
a  little  Na2CO2,  dissolved  and  added  to  the  original  solution.  Of  course 
a  small  amount  of  separated  non-gelatinous  silica  is  not  to  be  mistaken  for 
undecomposed  matter. 

77 


78          CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS  OF  PORTLAND  CEMENT 


2.  SILICA  (SiO2) 

384.  Silica.     The  residue  without  further  heating  is  treated 
at  first  with  5  to  10  c.c.  of  strong  HC1,  which  is  then  diluted  to 
half  strength  or  less,  or  upon  the  residue  may  be  poured  at  once 
a  larger  volume  of  acid  of  half  strength.     The  dish  is  then  covered 
and  digestion  allowed  to  go  on  for  10  minutes  on  the  bath,  after 
which  the  solution  is  filtered  and  the  separated  silica  washed 
thoroughly   with   water.     The    filtrate   is    again   evaporated    to 
dryness,  the  residue  without  further  heating,  taken  up  with  acid 
and  water  and  the  small  amount  of  silica  it  contains  separated 
on  another  filter  paper.     The  papers  containing  the  residue  are 
transferred  wet  to  a  weighed  platinum  crucible,  dried,  ignited, 
first  over  a  Bunsen  burner  until  the  carbon  of  the  filter  is  com- 
pletely consumed,  and  finally  over  the  blast  for  15  minutes  and 
checked  by  a  further  blasting  for  10  minutes  or  to  constant  weight. 
The  silica,  if  great  accuracy  is  desired,  is  treated  in  the  crucible 
with  about  10  c.c.  of  HF1  and  four  drops  of  £[2804  and  evaporated 
over  a  low  flame  to   complete  dryness.     The  small  residue  is 
finally  blasted,  for  a  minute  or  two,  cooled  and  weighed.     The 
difference  between  this  weight  and  the  weight  previously  obtained 
gives  the  amount  of  silica.* 

3.  ALUMINA  AND   IRON    (A1203  AND   Fe203) 

385.  Alumina  and  Iron.      The  filtrate,  about  250  c.c.,  from 
the  second  evaporation  for  SiO2>  is  made  alkaline  with  NH^OH 
after  adding  HC1,  if  need  be,  to  insure  a  total  of  10  to  15  c.c. 
strong  acid,  and  boiled  to  expel  excess  of  NHs,  or  until  there  is 
but  a  faint  odor  of  it,  and  the  precipitate  iron  and  aluminum 
hydrates,   after  settling,   are  washed   once  by  decantation  and 
slightly  on  the  filter.     Setting  aside  the  filtrate,  the-  precipitate 
is  dissolved  in  hot  dilute  HC1,  the  solution  passing  into  the  beaker 
in  which  the  precipitation  was  made.     The  aluminum  and  iron 
are  then  reprecipitated  by  NH^OH,  boiled  and  the  second  pre- 
cipitate collected  and  washed  on  the  same  filter  used  in  the  first 
instance.     The  filter-paper,  with  the  precipitate,  is  then  placed 
in  a  weighed  platinum  crucible,  the  paper  burned  off  and  the 

*  For  ordinary  control^  in  the  plant  laboratory  this  correction  may,  per- 
haps, be  neglected;    the  double  evaporation  never. 


IRON—  LIME  79 

precipitate  ignited  and  finally  blasted  5  minutes,  with  care  to 
prevent  reduction,  cooled  and  weighed  as 


4.  IRON  (Fe203) 

386.  Iron.    The  combined  iron  and  aluminum  oxides  are  fused 
in  a  platinum  crucible   at  a  very  low  temperature  with   about 
3  to  4  grams  of  KHSCU,  or,  better,  NaHSC>4,  the  melt  taken  up 
with  so  much  dilute  H^SCU  that  there  shall  be  no  less  than  5 
grams  absolute  acid  and  enough  water  to  effect  solution  on  heat- 
ing.    The  solution  is  then  evaporated  and  eventually   heated 
till  acid  fumes  come  off  copiously.     After  cooling  and  redissolving 
in  water  the  small  amount  of  silica  is  filtered  out,  weighed  and 
corrected  by  HF1  and  H^SC^.f     The  nitrate  is  reduced  by  zinc, 
or  preferably  by  hydrogen  sulphide,  boiling  out  the  excess  of  the 
latter  afterwards  while  passing  C02  through  the  flask,  and  titrated 
with  permanganate.  J     The  strength  of  the  permanganate  solu- 
tion should  not  be  greater  than  .0040  gr.  Fe2Os  per  c.c. 

5.  LIME  (CaO) 

387.  Lime.     To  the  combined  nitrate  from  the  Al203+Fe203 
precipitate  a  few  drops  of  NEUOH  are  added,  and  the  solution 
brought  to  boiling.     To  the  boiling  solution  20  c.c.  of  a  saturated 
solution  of  ammonium  oxalate  are  added,  and  the  boiling  con- 
tinued  until   the   precipitated   CaC2O4   assumes   a   well-defined 
granular  form.     It  is  then  allowed  to  stand  for  20  minutes,  or 
until  the  precipitate  has  settled,  and  then  filtered  and  washed. 
The  precipitate  and  filter  are  placed  wet  in  a  platinum  crucible, 
and  the  paper  burned  off  over  a  small  flame  of  a  Bunsen  burner. 
It  is  then  ignited,  redissolved  in  HC1,  and  the  solution  made  up 
to  100  c.c.  with  water.     Ammonia  is  added  in  slight  excess,  and 
the  liquid  is  boiled.     If  a  small  amount  of  A^Os  separates  this 
is  filtered  out,  weighed,  and  the  amount  added  to  that  found  in 
the  first  determination,  when  greater  accuracy  is  desired.     The 

*  This  precipitate  contains  Ti02,  I^Os,  Mn3O4. 

t  This  correction  of  Al2O3+Fe2O3  for  silica  should  not  be  made  when  the 
HF1  correction  of  the  main  silica  has  been  omitted,  unless  that  silica  was 
obtained  by  only  one  evaporation  and  nitration.  After  two  evaporations  and 
nitrations  1  to  2  mg.  of  SiO  are  still  to  be  found  with  the  Al2O3+Fe2O3. 

t  In  this  way  only  is  the  influence  of  titanium  to  be  avoided  and  a  correct 
result  obtained  for  iron. 


80         CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS  OF  PORTLAND  CEMENT 

lime  is  then  reprecipitated  by  ammonium  oxalate,  allowed  to 
stand  until  settled,  filtered,  and  washed,*  weighed  as  oxide  by 
ignition  and  blasting  in  a  covered  crucible  to  constant  weight,  or 
determined  with  dilute  standard  permanganate.! 

6.  MAGNESIA  (MgO) 

388.  Magnesia.  The  combined  filtrates  from  the  calcium 
precipitates  are  acidified  with  HC1  and  concentrated  on  the 
steam  bath  to  about  150  c.c.,  10  c.c.  of  saturated  solution  of 
Na(NH4)HP04  are  added,  and  the  solution  boiled  for  several 
minutes.  It  is  then  removed  from  the  flame  and  cooled  by 
placing  the  beaker  in  ice-water.  After  cooling,  NHUOH  is  added 
drop  by  drop  with  constant  stirring  until  the  crystalline  ammo- 
nium-magnesium ortho-phosphate  begins  to  form,  and  then  in 
moderate  excess,  the  stirring  being  continued  for  several  min- 
utes. It  is  then  set  aside  for  several  hours  in  a  cool  atmosphere 
and  filtered.  The  precipitate  is  redissolved  in  hot  dilute  HC1, 
the  solution  made  up  to  about  100  c.c.,  1  c.c.  of  a  saturated  solu- 
tion of  Na(NH4)HPO4  added,  and  ammonia  drop  by  drop,  with 
constant  stirring  until  the  precipitate  is  again  formed  as  described 
and  the  ammonia  is  in  moderate  excess.  It  is  then  allowed  to 
stand  for  about  2  hours,  when  it  is  filtered  on  a  paper  or  a  Gooch 
crucible,  ignited,  cooled  and  weighed  as 


7.  ALKALIES  (K2O  AND  Na2O) 

389.  Alkalies.     For   the   determination   of   the   alkalies,    the 
well-known  method  of  Prof.  J.  Lawrence  Smith  is  to  be  followed, 
either  with  or  without  the  addition  of  CaCOs  with  NH^Cl. 

8.  ANHYDROUS  SULPHURIC  ACID  (SO3) 

390.  Anhydrous  Sulphuric  Acid.     One  gram  of  the  substance 
is    dissolved    in    15    c.c.    of    HC1,    filtered  and    residue    washed 
thoroughly.! 

*  The  volume  of  wash-water    should  not  be  too  large;    vide  Hillebrand. 

f  The  accuracy  of  this  method  admits  of  criticism,  but  its  convenience 
and  rapidity  demand  its  insertion. 

t  Evaporation  to  dryness  is  unnecessary,  unless  gelatinous  silica  should 
have  separated  and  should  never  be  performed  on  a  bath  heated  by  gas; 
vide  Hillebrand. 


TOTAL  SULPHUR    LOSS  ON  IGNITION  81 

The  solution  is  made  up  to  250  c.c.  in  a  beaker  and  boiled. 
To  the  boiling  solution  10  c.c.  of  a  saturated  solution  of  BaCb 
is  added  slowly  drop  by  drop  from  a  pipette  and  the  boiling 
continued  until  the  precipitate  is  well  formed,  or  digestion  on 
the  steam  bath  may  be  substituted  for  the  boiling.  It  is  then 
set  aside  over  night,  or  for  a  few  hours,  filtered,  ignited  and 
weighed  as  BaS04- 

9.  TOTAL   SULPHUR 

391.  Total  Sulphur.     One   gram   of  the  material  is  weighed 
out  in  a  large  platinum  crucible  and  fused  with  Na2COs  and  a 
little  KNOs,  being  careful  to  avoid  contamination  from  sulphur 
in  the  gases  from  source  of  heat.     This  may  be  done  by  fitting 
the  crucible  in  a  hole  in  an  asbestos  board.     The  melt  is  treated 
in  the  crucible  with  boiling  water  and  the  liquid  poured  into  a 
tall  narrow  beaker  and  more  hot  water  added  until  the  mass  is 
disintegrated.     The  solution  is  then  filtered.     The  filtrate  con- 
tained in  a  No.  4  beaker  is  to  be  acidulated  with  HC1  and  made 
up  to  250  c.c.  with  distilled  water,  boiled,  the  sulphur  precipitated 
as  BaSOi  and  allowed  to  stand  over  night  or  for  a  few  hours. 

10.  LOSS   ON    IGNITION 

392.  Loss   on  Ignition.      Half  a  gram   of   cement  is  to   be 
weighed  out  in  a  platinum  crucible,  placed  in  a  hole  in  an  asbestos 
board  so  that  about  f  of  the  crucible  projects  below,  and  blasted 
15   minutes,   preferably   with   an   inclined   flame.     The   loss   by 
weight,  which  is  checked  by  a  second  blasting  of  5  minutes,  is 
the  loss  on  ignition. 

May,  1903:  Recent  investigations  have  shown  that  large 
error's  in  results  are  often  due  to  the  use  of  impure  distilled  water 
and  reagents.  The  analyst  should,  therefore,  test  his  distilled 
water  by  evaporation  and  his  reagents  by  appropriate  tests  before 
proceeding  with  his  work. 


PART  X 
BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  CEMENT 

1.  STORAGE  AND  INSPECTION  OF  CEMENT 

1.  The  Inspection  and  Testing  of  Cements,  by  R.  L.  Humphrey.    Journ. 

Franklin  Inst.,  Dec.,  1901;  Jan.  and  Feb.,  1902. 

2.  Specifications  for  the  Delivery  and  Storage  of  Cement. 

A  Treatise  on  Masonry  Construction,  by  Ira  0.  Baker,  C.E.,  pp. 
78h-78j.  9th  Edition,  Revised,  1903.  John  Wiley  &  Sons, 
N.  Y.  City. 

3.  Specifications  for  the  Inspection  of  Cement,  by  Edwin  D.  Graves. 

Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  50,  p.  243,  Aug.  27,  1904. 

4.  Inspection  of  Cement.     Concrete  Inspection,  by  Chas.  S.  Hill,  C.E., 

p.  1.     The  Myron  C.  Clark  Pub.  Co.,  Chicago,  1909. 

5.  Storing  and  Inspection  of  Cement  for  Concrete  Construction.     (From 

a  set  of  instructions  issued  by  the  Trussed  Concrete  Steel  Co., 
Detroit,  Mich.) 

Manual  of  Reinforced  Concrete,  by  Marsh  and  Dunn,  pp.  29-30. 
D.  Van  Nostrand  Co.,  N.  Y.  City,  1909. 

6.  Cement  Inspection  for  the  Baltimore  Sewerage  Commission.     Eng. 

Rec.,  vol.  61,  p.  699,  May  28,  1910. 

2.  CEMENT  TESTING  IN  GENERAL 

1.  Preliminary  Report  of  the  Committee  on  a  Uniform  System  for 

Tests  of   Cement,   presented  Jan.    16,    1884.     Trans.,   Am.   Soc. 
C.E.,  vol.  13,  pp.  53-61,  March  1884. 

la.  Report  of  the  Committee  on  a  Uniform  System  for  Tests  of  Cement, 
presented  Jan.  21,  1885.  Trans.,  Am.  Soc.  C.E.,  vol.  14,  pp. 
475-86,  Nov.,  1885. 

2.  Requirements  for  Tensile  Strength  in  Cement  Specifications.     Eng. 

News,  vol.  35,  p.  150,  Mar.  5,  1896. 

3.  Specifications   for   Uniform    Testing   of   Materials    of   Engineering 

Construction   (Cement).     Translated  from  French  and  German 
papers.     Eng.  News,  vol.  34,  p.  237,  Aug.  29,  1896. 

82 


CEMENT  TESTING  IN  GENEEAL  83 

4.  Requirements    of    Specifications   for    Cement    of   the   Philadelphia 

Department  of  Public  Works.  Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  36,  p.  387,  Oct. 
2,  1897. 

5.  Cement  Specifications  for  the  New  Masonry  Dry  Dock  at  Boston, 

Mass.     Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  39,  p.  205,  Feb.  4,  1899. 

6.  Cement  Specifications  and  Cement  Testing.     Eng.   Rec.,   vol.   39, 

p.  282,  Feb.  25,  1899. 

7.  Specifications  for  Cement  Tests  for  Municipal  Works.     Eng.  Rec., 

vol.  40,  p.  666,  Dec.  16,  1899. 

8.  Specifications  and  Tests  for   Cement,    Pittsburgh,    Pa.     Municipal 

Engineering,  vol.  19,  p.  18,  July,  1900. 

9.  Standard  Specifications  for  Cement  for  the  U.  S.  Navy  Department. 

Cement  and  Eng.  News,  vol.  11,  p.  10,  July,  1901. 
Hand-book  for  Cement  Users,  by  Chas.  C.  Brown.     Published  by 
Municipal  Engineering  Co.,  Indianapolis,  1905. 

10.  Testing  Hydraulic  Cements.     Report  of  Corps  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A., 

being  Professional  Paper  No.  28  of  the  Corps,  1901.  Eng.  Rec., 
vol.  44,  p.  248,  Sept.  14,  1901;  p.  274,  Sept.  21,  1901;  Cement 
and  Eng.  News,  vol.  11,  p.  36,  Sept.,  1901;  p.  54,  October,  1901. 
Engineering  Contracts  and  Specifications,  by  J.  B.  Johnson,  C.E., 
pp.  515-27.  3d  Revised  Edition,  1904.  Engineering  News 
Pub.  Co.,  N.  Y.  City. 

11.  Standard  Method  for  the  Chemical  Analysis  of  Cement.     Adopted 

by  the  New  York  Section  of  the  Society  for  Chemical  Industry, 
Jan.,  1902. 

Practical  Cement  Testing,  by  W.  Purves  Taylor,  C.E.,  pp.  296-300. 
The  Myron  C.  Clark  Pub.  Co.,  Chicago,  1906. 

12.  Standard  Cement  Specifications.     A  paper  read  by  R.  W.  Lesley, 

before  the  American  Section  of  the  International  Association  for 
Testing  Materials.  Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  46,  p.  4,  July  5,  1902;  (Edi- 
torial), p.  25,  July  12,  1902. 

13.  Standard  Method  of  Cement  Testing.     Progress  Report  of  the  Com- 

mittee of  the  Arn.  Soc.  of  C.  E.  on  Uniform  Tests  of  Cement, 
presented  Jan.  21,  1903,  and  amended  Jan.  20,  1904,  and  Jan., 
1908;  Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  47,  p.  132,  Jan.  31,  1903;  Cement  and  Eng. 
News,  vol.  14,  p.  40,  March,  1903. 

Proc.,  Am.  Soc.  for  Testing  Materials,  vol.  9,  pp.  121-30,  1909. 

Practical  Cement  Testing,  by  W.  Purves  Taylor,  C.E.,  pp.  287-97. 
The  Myron  C.  Clark  Pub.  Co.,  Chicago,  1906. 

Cement  and  Concrete,  by  Louis  Carlton  Sabin,  C.E.,  pp.  542-53. 
2d  Edition,  1907.  McGraw  Pub.  Co.,  N.  Y.  City. 

Practical  Reinforced  Concrete  Standards  (for  the  Designing  of  Rein- 
forced Concrete  Buildings),  by  H.  B.  Andrews,  pp.  33-41.  Pub- 
lished by  Simpson  Bros.  Corporation,  Boston,  1908. 


84     BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  CEMENT 

Engineers'  Pocketbook  of  Reinforced  Concrete,  by  E.  Lee  Heiden- 
reich,  pp.  348-50.  The  Myron  C.  Clark  Pub.  Co.,  Chicago,  1909. 

The  Civil  Engineer's  Pocketbook,  by  John  C.  Trautwine,  pp.  942-46. 
19th  Edition,  1909.  John  Wiley  &  Sons. 

14.  Specifications  for  the  Use  of  Cement  for  the  Slow  Sand  Filtration 

Plant  for  Washington,  D.  C.,  by  J.  S.  Schultz,  C.E.  Eng.  Rec., 
vol.  47,  p.  271,  Mar.  14,  1903;  vol.  49,  p.  788,  June  25,  1904. 

15.  Specifications  for  Cement  adopted  by  the  City  of  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Municipal  Engineering,  vol.  26,  p.  350,  May,  1904. 

16.  Proposed   Standard   Specifications   for   Cement.     Report   presented 

to  the  Am.  Soc.  for  Testing  Materials.  Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  49,  p.  791, 
June  25,  1904;  Eng.  News,  vol.  51,  p.  619,  June  30,  1904;  Muni- 
cipal Engineering,  vol.  27,  p.  126,  Aug.,  1904. 

16a.  Standard  Specifications  for  Cement.  Adopted  Nov.  14,  1904,  and 
Aug.  15,  1908,  and  Revised  July,  1909,  by  the  Am.  Soc.  for  Testing 
Materials.  Proc.,  Natl.  Assoc.  Cement  Users,  vol.  5,  p.  419,  1909; 
Proc.,  Am.  Soc.  for  Testing  Materials,  vol.  9,  pp.  116-20,  1909; 
Trans.,  Am.  Soc.  C.E.,  vol.  66,  p.  454,  March,  1910. 

Practical  Cement  Testing,  by  W.  Purves  Taylor,  C.E.,  pp.  299-303. 
The  Myron  C.  Clark  Pub.  Co.,  Chicago,  1906. 

Cement  and  Concrete,  by  Louis  Carlton  Sabin,  C.E.,  pp.  553-58. 
2d  Edition,  1907.  McGraw  Pub.  Co.,  N.  Y.  City. 

A  Treatise  on  Masonry  Construction,  by  Ira-  0.  Baker,  C.E.,  pp. 
723-25.  10th  Edition,  1909.  John  Wiley  &  Sons. 

Engineers'  Pocketbook  of  Reinforced  Concrete,  by  E.  Lee  Heiden- 
reich,  pp.  345-48.  The  Myron  C.  Clark  Pub.  Co.,  Chicago,  1909. 

Concrete  Inspection,  by  Chas.  S.  Hill,  C.E.,  pp.  91-95.     The  Myron 

C.  Clark  Pub.  Co.,  1909. 

The  Building  Foreman's  Pocket  Book  and  Ready  Reference,  by 
H.  G.  Richey,  pp.  136-38.  John  Wiley  &  Sons,  1909. 

Law  and  Business  of  Engineering  and  Contracting,  by  Chas.  Evan 
Fowler,  C.E.,  pp.  101-4.  McGraw  Pub.  Co.,  1909. 

Standard  Specifications,  by  John  C.  Ostrup,  C.E.,  pp.  65-69.  Mc- 
Graw-Hill Book  Co.,  N.  Y.  City,  1910. 

17.  Specifications  for  Cement  of  the  New  York  Central  &  Hudson  River 

R.  R.,  p.  92. 

18.  Specifications  for  Cement,  Philadelphia  &  Reading  Ry.  Co.,  p.  92. 
.19.  Chicago  &  Alton  Ry.  Co.,  p.  94. 

20.  Specifications  and  Methods  of  Sampling  Cement  adopted  by  Edwin 

D.  Graves  for  a  bridge  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  erected  by  the  Con- 
necticut River  Bridge  and  Highway  District  Commission  in  1904, 
p.  104. 

Hand-book  for  Cement  Users,  by  Chas.  C.  Brown.  Pub.  by  Munic. 
Eng.  Co.,  Indianapolis,  1905. 


PORTLAND  CEMENT  85 

21.  Specifications  for  Cements  (Natural,  Portland  and  Non-staining). 

A  Hand-book  for  Superintendents  of  Construction,  Architects,  etc., 
by  H.  G.  Richey,  pp.  125-26.     John  Wiley  &  Sons,  1905. 

22.  Specifications  for  Cement  for  a  Lock.     Government  Contract. 

The  Improvement  of  Rivers,  by  B.  F.  Thomas  and  D.  A.  Watt,  p. 
315.     John  Wiley  &  Sons,  1905. 

23.  Specifications  for  Cement.     Municipal  Engineering,  vol.  31,  p.  104, 

Aug.,  ,1906. 

24.  Report  of  Committee  on  Testing  of  Cement  and  Cement  Products. 

Proc.,  Natl.  Assoc.  Cement  Users,  vol.  3,  p.  100,  1907. 

25.  Specifications  for  Cement  for  the  McGraw  Building,   N.  Y.  City. 

Trans.,  Am.  Soc.  C.  E.,  vol.  60,  p.  456,  Jan.,  1908. 

26.  Final  Report  of  the  Special  Committee  on  Uniform  Tests  of  Cement. 

Proc.,  Am.  Soc.  C.  E.,  vol.  38,  pp.  103-132,  Feb.,  1912, 

3.  PORTLAND  CEMENT 

1.  Testing  of   Portland  Cement,   by  Gary.     Trans.,  Am.   Soc.   C.E., 

Oct.,  1893;  Munic.  Journ.   and  Engr.,  vol.  13,  p.  67,  Aug.,  1902. 

2.  Specifications  for  Portland  Cements  and  for  Cement  Mortars,  by 

Fred.  H.  Lewis.    Proc.,  Engrs.'  Club  of  Phila.,  vol.  11,  pp.  325-27, 
1895. 

3.  Specifications  for  Cement  for  a  Melan  Arch  Bridge  Constructed  at 

Topeka,  Kans.,  in  1896. 
The  Coffer-Dam  Process  for  Piers,  by  Chas.  Evan  Fowler,  p.  142. 

John  Wiley  &  Sons,  1898. 
Hand-book  for  Cement  Users,  by  Chas.  C.  Brown,  p.  96.     Pub.  by 

Munic.  Eng.  Co.,  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  1905. 

4.  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement.  New  York  State  Canals,  1896. 
Cements,  Limes  and  Plasters,   Their  Materials,   Manufacture  and 

Properties,  by  Edwin  C.  Eckel,  C.E.,  p.  614.     John  Wiley  &  Sons, 
1909. 

5.  A  Proposed  Standard  Specification  for  Portland  Cement,  by  Wm.  J. 

Donaldson.     Eng.  News,  vol.  36,  p.  35,  July  16,  1896. 

6.  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement;   Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1897. 

A  Treatise  on  Masonry  Construction,  by  Ira  0.  Baker,  C.E.,  p.  78h. 
9th  Edition,  Revised  1903.     John  Wiley  &  Sons. 

7.  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement,  by  J.  A.  L.  Waddell.     Trans., 

Am.  Soc.  C.E.,  vol.  37,  p.  314,  June,  1897. 

8.  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement  for  the  Now  Masonry  Dry  Dock 

at  Boston.     Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  39,  p.  205,  Feb.  4,  1899. 

9.  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement  for  the  Michigan  Lake  Superior 

Power  Co.,  by  H.  Von  Schon.     Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  39,  p.  332,  Mar. 
11,  1899. 


86     BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  CEMENT 

10.  Comparison  of    over    One  Hundred  Specification  Requirements  for 

Portland  Cement,  by  Robert  W.  Lesley.  Proc.,  Engrs.'  Club  of 
Phila.,  vol.  16,  p.  148,  May,  1899. 

11.  Extract  from  Phila.  Master  Builders'  Exchange  Standard  Specifica- 

tion for  Portland  Cement.  Proc.,  Engrs.'  Club  of  Phila.,  vol. 
16,  p.  175,  May,  1899. 

12.  Specifications  for  Cement  for  Melan  Arch  Bridges  constructed  in 

Indianapolis,  in  1900. 

Hand-book  for  Cement  Users,  by  Chas.  C.  Brown,  p.  98.     Published 
by  Munic.  Eng.  Co.,  Indianapolis,  1905. 

13.  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement;    Rapid  Transit  Subway,  N.  Y. 

City,  1900-01,  p.  615. 

14.  Department  of  Bridges,  N.  Y.  City,  1901,  p.  616. 

Cements,   Limes  and  Plasters,   Their  Materials,   Manufacture  and 
Properties,  by  Edwin  C.  Eckel,  C.E.     John  Wiley.  &  Sons,  1909. 

15.  Specifications  for   Portland   Cement   used  in  the   Construction   of 

Concrete  Masonry  of  a  Canal  Lock  on  the  Eastern  Section  of  the 
Illinois  and  Mississippi  Canal,  by  Jas.  C.  Long.  Journ.  Western 
Soc.  Engrs.,  vol.  6,  p.  134,  Apr.,  1901. 

16.  Specifications  for  American  Portland  Cement,  Report  of  Corps  of 

Engrs.,  U.  S.  A.,  being  Professional  Paper  No.  28  of  the  Corps, 

June,  1901.     Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  44,  p.  276,  Sept.  21,  1901. 
Engineering  Contracts  and  Specifications,  by  J.  B.  Johnson.  C.E., 

pp.  515-27.      3d  Revised  Edition,  1904.     Engineering  News  Pub. 

Co.,  N.  Y.  City. 
Hand-book  for  Cement  Users,  by  Chas.  C.  Brown,  p.  77.     Published 

by  Munic.  Eng.  Co.,  Indianapolis,  1905. 
A  Hand-book  for  Superintendents  of  Construction,  Architects,  etc., 

by  H.  G.  Richey,  pp.  117-20.     John  Wiley  &  Sons,  1905. 
The  Improvement  of  Rivers,  by  B.  F.  Thomas  and  D.  A.  Watt,  p. 

335.     John  Wiley  &  Sons,  1905. 
Practical  Cement  Testing,  by  W.  Purves  Taylor,  C.E.,  pp.  303-306. 

The  Myron  C.  Clark  Pub.  Co.,  Chicago,  1906. 
Cements,   Limes  and  Plasters,  Their  Materials,   Manufacture  and 

Properties,  by  Edwin  C.  Eckel,  C.E.      John  Wiley  &  Sons,  1909. 
The  Civil  Engineer's  Pocket  Book,  by  John  C.  Trautwine,  pp.  937- 

40.     19th  Edition,  1909.     John  Wiley  &  Sons. 

17.  Specifications  for  Portland   Cement  used  in  the   Development  of 

the  Delaware  River  Water  Front,  by  Geo.  S.  Webster.  Proc., 
Engrs.'  Club  of  Phila.,  vol.  19,  pp.  103-4,  Jan.,  1902. 

18.  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement  for  the  Pcnna.  Ave.  Subway  and 

Tunnel,  Phila.,  Pa.     Trans.,  Am.  Soc.  C.E.,  vol.  48,  p.  488,  1902. 

19.  Tests  of  (Portland)  Cement,  proposed  by  the  Committee  on  Uniform 

Tests  of  Cement  of  the  Am.  Soc.  C.E.,  presented  to  the  Society 


PORTLAND  CEMENT  87 

Jan.  21,  1903,  and  amended  Jan.  20,  1904,  with  all  subsequent 
amendments  thereto.  (See  Reference  No.  13,  Standard  Method 
of  Cement  Testing,  Am.  Soc.  C.E.,  p.  83.) 

20.  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement;    Am.  Ry.  Eng.  &  M.  of  W. 

Assoc.,  adopted  May,  1903.  Eng.  News,  vol.  49,  p.  285,  Mar. 
26,  1903. 

Geological  Survey  of  Ohio,  Fourth  Series,  Bulletin  No.  2 — The  Use 
of  Hydraulic  Cement,  p.  192,  Sept.,  1904. 

21.  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement;    Concrete-steel  Engineering  Co. 

(Melan,  Thacher,  and  Von  Empcrger  patents.)  Concrete,  vol. 
4,  pp.  105-108,  May,  1903. 

22.  Soundness  Tests  of  Portland  Cement.     Abstract  of  paper  by  W.  P. 

Taylor  before  the  Am.  Soc.  for  Testing  Materials.  Eng.  Rec., 
vol.  48,  p.  184,  Aug.  15,  1903. 

23.  Specifications   for   Portland   Cement   for   Extension   of   Quay  Wall 

West  of  Dry  Dock  at  the  U.  S.  Navy  Yard,  Puget  Sound,  Wash., 
April,  1904. 

Law  and  Business  of  Engineering  and  Contracting,  by  Chas.  Evan 
Fowler,  p.  82.  McGraw  Pub.  Co.,  N.  Y.  City,  1909. 

24.  Specification  Requirements  for  Portland  Cement. 

Reinforced  Concrete,  by  Chas.  F.  Marsh,  pp.  120-29.  D.  Van 
Nostrand  Co.,  N.  Y.  City,  1904. 

25.  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement  for  the  City  of  Indianapolis. 
Hand-book  for  Cement  Users,  by  Chas.  C.  Brown,  p.  100.     Pub. 

by  Munic.  Eng.  Co.,  Indianapolis,  1905. 

26.  Specifications  for  Cement  Used  on  the  Washington,  D.  C.,  Filtration 

Plant.     Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  49,  p.  788,  June  25,  1904. 

27.  Specifications  for  Cement  used  on  Stone  Bridge  at  Hartford,  Conn., 

by  Edwin  D.  Graves.     Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  50,  p.  243,  Aug.  27,  1904. 

28.  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement;    Adopted  by  the  Am.  Soc.  for 

Testing  Materials,  Nov.  14,  1904,  and  amended  Sept.,  1908. 
Adopted  by  the  Assoc.  of  Am.  Portland  Cement  Manufacturers, 
June  10,  1904,  and  by  the  Am.  Eng.  &  M.  of  W.  Assoc.,  Mar. 
21,  1905. 

Practical  Reinforced  Concrete  Standards  (for  the  Designing  of  Rein- 
forced Concrete  Buildings),  by  H.  B.  Andrews,  pp.  30-33.  Pub- 
lished by  Simpson  Bros.  Corporation,  Boston,  1908. 

Cements,  Limes  and  Plasters,  Their  Materials,  Manufacture  and 
Properties,  by  Edwin  C.  Eckel,  C.E.,  p.  629.  John  Wiley  &  Sons, 
N.  Y.  City,  1909. 

Manual  of  Reinforced  Concrete,  by  Marsh  and  Dunn,  pp.  2-3. 
D.  Van  Nostrand  Co.,  N.  Y.  City/1909. 

The  Civil  Engineer's  Pocket  Book,  by  John  C.  Trautwine,  p.  940. 
19th  Edition,  1909.  John  Wiley  &  Sons. 


88     BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  CEMENT 

(See  also  Reference  No.  16a,  Standard  Specifications  for  Cement; 

Am.  Soc.  for  Testing  Materials,  p.  84.) 

28a.  Standard  Methods  of  Cement  Testing.  (Recommendations  for 
Testing  are  reprinted,  with  comments  by  the  authors,  from  the 
Preliminary  or  Progress  Report  of  Special  Committee  on  Uniform 
Tests  of  Cement  of  the  Am.  Soc.  C.E.  as  presented  in  1903  and 
amended  in  1904  and  1908.  The  methods  are  designed  particu- 
larly for  the  testing  of  Portland  Cement,  but  are  applicable  to 
Natural  (and  also  Puzzolan),  with  the  exception  given.) 
A  Treatise  on  Concrete,  Plain  and  Reinforced,  by  Taylor  and 
Thompson,  pp.  64-79.  2d  Edition,  1909.  John  Wiley  &  Sons, 
N.  Y.  City. 

29.  Specifications  for  Cement  for  the  Manhattan  Bridge,  N.  Y.  City. 

Eng.  News,  vol.  52,  p.  571,  Dec.  22,  1904. 

30.  Specifications  for  Cement  for  the  Philadelphia  Rapid  Transit  Rail- 

way.    Eng.  News,  vol.  52,  p.  587,  Dec.  29,  1904. 

31.  Specifications  for  Cement  used  in  Sea-water  for  Wallabout  Improve- 

ment, Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  p.  107. 

32.  Specifications  for  Cement  for  Municipal  work  in  Phila.,  p.  110. 

33.  Department  of  Public  Works,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  p.  112. 

34.  Baltimore,  Md.,  p.  113. 

35.  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  p.  113. 

36.  Detroit,  Mich.,  p.  115. 

37.  Reading,  Pa.,  p.  117. 

38.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  p.  118. 

39.  Philadelphia  Architects,  p.  119. 

Hand-book  for  Cement  Users,  by  Chas.  C.  Brown.     Pub.  by  Munic. 
Eng.  Co.,  Indianapolis,  1905. 

40.  Specifications  for  Cement  used  on  Concrete  Viaduct  at  Riverside, 

Cal.,  by  H.  Hawgood.     Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  52,  p.  286,  Sept.  9,  1905. 

41.  Observations  on  the  Testing  and  Use  of  Portland  Cement,  by  E.  S. 

Larned.     Proc.,  Natl.  Assoc.  Cement  Users.,  vol.  2,  p.  252,  1906. 

42.  Specifications    for    Portland     Cement.     (These    specifications    are 

taken  largely  from  the  various  standard  spocifications,  as  well 
as  those  of  municipalities,  and  important  engineering  construc- 
tions.) 

Practical  Cement  Testing,  by  W.  Purves  Taylor,  C.E.,  p.  280-82. 
The  Myron  C.  Clark  Pub.  Co.,  Chicago,  1906. 

43.  The  Selection  of  Portland  Cement,  by  Richard  K.  Mcade,  Nazareth, 

Pa.     Concrete,  vol.  5,  p.  34,  May,  1906. 

44.  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement  for  Masonry  Retaining  Walls 

on  the  Pennsylvania  Ave.  Subway,  Phila.,  Pa. 

The  Design  of  Walls,  Bins  and  Grain  Elevators,  by  Milo  S.  Ketchum, 
C.E.,  p.  76-77.    Eng.  News  Pub.  Co.,  1907. 


NATURAL  CEMENT  89 

45.  Method  Suggested  for  the  Analysis  of  Portland  Cement  by  the  Com- 

mittee on  Uniformity  in  Technical  Analysis,  New  York  Section, 
Soc.  for  Chemical  Industry. 

Cement  and  Concrete,  by  Louis  Carlton  Sabin,  C.E.,  p.  658-62. 
2d  Edition,  1907.  McGraw  Pub.  Co.,  N.  Y.  City. 

46.  Variations  in  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement  in  24  Cities,  by 

Geo.  A.  Birch,  Wyandotte,  Mich.     Concrete,  vol.  7,  p.  25,  May, 
1907. 

47.  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement  for  the  Builder,  compiled  by  the 

Michigan  Technical   Laboratory,   Detroit,   Mich.     Concrete,  vol. 
7,  p.  47,  May,  1907. 

48.  Specifications  for  Cement  used  for  the  Rebuilding  of  Ten  Bridges 

on  the  International  and  Great  Northern  Railroad. 
Specifications  and  Contracts,  by  Waddell  and  Wait,  pp.  30-32.     Eng. 
News  Pub.  Co.,  N.  Y.  City,  1908. 

49.  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement. 

A  Treatise  on  Highway  Construction,  by  Austin  T.  Byrne,  C.E., 
pp.  749-54.  5th  Revised  and  Enlarged  Edition,  1908.  John 
Wiley  &  Sons. 

50.  Full  Specifications  for  Purchase  of  Portland  Cement. 

A  Treatise  on  Concrete,  Plain  and  Reinforced,  by  Taylor  and 
Thompson,  pp.  29-30.  Second  Edition,  1909.  John  Wiley  & 
Sons. 

51.  Short  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement.     (Also  specifications  for 

Non-staining  cement.) 

The  Building  Foreman's  Pocket  Book  and  Ready  Reference  by  H. 
G.  Richey,  p.  141.  John  Wiley  &  Sons,  1909. 

52.  Specifications  for  Cement  for  Walnut  Lane  Bridge,  by  Geo.  S.  Webster 

and  Henry  S.  Quimby.       Trans.,  Am.  Soc.  C.E.,  vol.  65,  p.  436, 
December,  1909. 


4.  NATURAL  CEMENT 

1.  Specifications  for  Natural  Cement;    New  York  State  Canals,  1896. 
Cements,   Limes  and  Plasters,  ^heir  Materials,   Manufacture  and 

Properties,  by  Edwin  C.  Eckel,  C.E.,  p.  278.     John  Wiley  &  Sons, 
1909. 

2.  Specifications  for  Natural  Cement;  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1897. 

A  Treatise  on  Masonry  Construction,  Ira  0.  Baker,  pp.  78g-78h. 

9th  Revised  Edition,  1903.     John  Wiley  &  Sons. 
Hand-book  for  Cement  Users,  by  Chas.  C.  Brown,  p.  110.     Pub. 

by  Munic.  Eng.  Co.,  Indianapolis,  1905. 


90     BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  CEMENT 

3.  Extract  from  Phila.  Master  Builders'  Exchange  Standard  Specifica- 

tion for  Natural  Cement.  Proc.,  Engrs.'  Club  of  Phila.,  vol.  16, 
p.  175,  May,  1899. 

4.  Specifications  for  Natural  Cement;    Rapid  Transit  Subway,  N.  Y. 

City,  1900-01. 

Cement,  Limes,  and  Plasters,  Their  Materials,  Manufacture  and 
Properties,  by  Edwin  C.  Eckel,  C.E.,  p.  278.  John  Wiley  & 
Sons,  1909. 

5.  Specifications   for   Natural   Cement   used   in   the   Construction   of 

Concrete  Masonry  of  a  Canal  Lock  on  the  Eastern  Section  of 
the  Illinois  and  Mississippi  Canal,  by  Jas.  C.  Long.  Journ. 
Western  Soc.  Engrs.,  vol.  6,  p.  134,  April,  1901. 

6.  Specifications  for   Natural   Cements,    Report   of   Corps   of  Engrs., 

U.  S.  A.,  being  Professional  Paper  No.  28  of  the  Corps.     Eng. 

Rec.,  vol.  44,  p.  276,  Sept.  21,  1901. 
Engineering  Contracts  and  Specifications,  by  J.  B.  Johnson,  C.E., 

pp.  530-32.      3d  Revised  Edition,  1904.     Eng.  News  Pub.  Co., 

N.  Y.  City. 
(See  also  Reference  Nos.  10,  p.  83,  and  No.  16,  p.  84). 

7.  Tests  of  (Natural)  Cement,  proposed  by  the  Committee  on  Uniform 

Tests  of  Cement  of  the  Am.  Soc.  C.E.,  presented  to  the  Society, 
Jan.  21,  1903,  and  amended  Jan.  20,  1904,  with  all  subsequent 
amendments  thereto. 

(See  Reference  No.  13,  Standard  Method  of  Cement  Testing,  Am. 
Soc.  C.  E.,  p.  83). 

8.  Specifications  for  Natural  Cement;    Am.   Ry.   Eng.   &  M.   of  W. 

Assoc.,  adopted  May,  1903.  Eng.  News,  vol.  49,  p.  285,  Mar. 
26,  1903. 

9.  Specifications  for  Natural  Cement;  Adopted,  Nov.  14,  1904,  amended 

Sept.,  1908,  and  adopted  August  16,  1909,  by  Am.  Soc.  for  Testing 
Materials,  and  by  the  Am.  Ry.  Eng.  &  M.  of  W.  Assoc.,  Mar. 
21,  1905. 

(See  Reference  No.  16«,  Standard  Specifications  for  Cement;  Am. 
Soc.  for  Testing  Materials,  p.  84;  and  No.  28,  Specifications  for 
Portland  Cement,  p.  87.) 

10.  Specifications  for  Natural  Cement.     (These  specifications  are  taken 

from  the  various  standard  specifications,  as  well  as  those  of  muni- 
cipalities, and  important  engineering  constructions.) 
Practical  Cement  Testing,  by  W.  Purves  Taylor,  C.E.,  pp.  282-84. 
The  Myron  C.  Clark  Pub.  Co.,  Chicago,  1906. 

11.  Specifications  for  Natural  Cement. 

A  Treatise  on  Highway  Construction,  by  Austin  T.  Byrne,  C.E., 
pp.  749-54.  5th  Revised  and  Enlarged  Edition,  1908.  John 
Wiley  &  Sons,  N.  Y.  City. 


PUZZOLAN  CNEMENT  91 

12.  Short  Specifications  for  Natural  Cement. 

The  Building  Foreman's  Pocket  Book  and  Ready  Reference,  by  H. 
G.  Richey,  p.  141.  John  Wiley  &  Sons,  1909. 

13.  Full  Specifications  for  the  Purchase  of  Natural  Cement. 

A  Treatise  on  Concrete,  Plain  and  Reinforced,  by  Taylor  and 
Thompson,  pp.  31-32.  Second  Edition,  1909.  John  Wiley  & 
Sons,  N.  Y.  City. 


5.  PUZZOLAN  CEMENT 

1.  Specifications  for  Puzzolan   Cement,   Report  of   Corps   of  Engrs., 

U.  S.  A.,  being  Professional  Paper  No.  28  of  the  Corps.     Eng. 

Rec.,  vol.  44,  p.  276,  Sept.  21,  1901. 
Engineering  Contracts  and  Specifications,  by  J.  B.  Johnson,  C.E., 

pp.    532-35.      3d    Revised    Edition,     1904.     Engineering    News 

Pub.  Co.,  N.  Y.  City. 
Hand-book  for  Cement  Users,  by  Chas.  C.  Brown,  p.  82.     Pub.  by 

Munic.  Eng.  Co.,  Indianapolis,  1905. 
A  Hand-book  for  Superintendents  of  Construction,  Architects,  etc., 

by  H.  G.  Richey,  pp.  122-24.     John  Wiley  &  Sons,  N.  Y.  City, 

1905. 
The   Improvement   of   Rivers,  by   B.  F.  Thomas  and  D.  A.  Watt, 

p.  339.     John  Wiley  &  Sons,  1905. 
Practical  Cement  Testing,  by  W.  Purves  Taylor,  C.E.,  pp.  306-7. 

The  Myron  C.  Clark  Pub.  Co.,  Chicago,  1906. 
Cements,  Limes,  and  Plasters,  Their  Materials,  Manufacture  and 

Properties,  by  Edwin  C.  Eckel,  C.E.     John  Wiley  &  Sons,  1909. 
The  Building  Foreman's  Pocket  Book  and  Ready   Reference,   by 

H.  G.  Richey,  pp.  238-41.    John  Wiley  &  Sons,  1909. 
The  Civil  Engineer's  Pocket  Book,  by  John  C.  Trautwine,  pp.  937-40. 

19th  Edition,  1909.     John  Wiley  &  Sons. 
(See  also  Reference  No.  10,  Testing  Hydraulic  Cements,  Corps  of 

Engrs.,  U.  S.  A.,  1901,  p.  83.) 


PART  XI 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  FOREIGN  CEMENT  SPECIFICATIONS 

1.  Standard  Specifications  for  German  Portland  Cement,  issued  by  the 

Minister  of  Public  Works  of  Prussia,  July  28,  1887.     Trans.,  Am. 
Soc.  C.E.,  vol.  30,  pp.  10-21,  Oct.,  1893. 

A  Treatise  on  Masonry  Construction,  by  Ira  0.  Baker,  C.E.,  p.  78d. 
9th  Edition,  Revised  1903.     John  Wiley  &  Sons. 

2.  Specifications  for  the  Supply  and  Delivery  of  Portland  Cement  in 

the  Parish   of  Chelsea,   London,   England.     Eng.   Rec.,   vol.    17, 
p.  68,  Dec.  31,  1887. 

3.  Specifications  for  French  Portland  Cement;    Requirements  of  the 

Services  Maritimes  des  Ponts  et  Chaussces. 
Chandlot's    "  Ciments    et    Chaux    Hydraulics,"    Paris,    1891,  pp. 

150-61. 
A  Treatise  on  Masonry  Construction,  by  Ira  0.  Baker,  C.E.,  pp. 

78e-78f.     9th  Edition,  Revised  1903.     John  Wiley  &  Sons,  N.  Y. 

City. 

4.  Specifications  for  English  Portland   Cement,   proposed  by   Henry 

Faija,  an  accepted  authority.     Trans.,  Am.  Soc.  C.E.,  vol.  30, 

pp.  60-61,  Oct.,  1893;  vol.  17,  p.  225. 
A  Treatise  on  Masonry  Construction,  by  Ira  0.  Baker,  C.E.,  p.  783. 

9th  Edition,  Revised  1903.     John  Wiley  &  Sons. 
A  Treatise  on  Highway  Construction,  by  Austin  T.  Byrne,  C.E., 

pp.   421-22.     5th   Revised   and   Enlarged   Edition,    1908.     John 

Wiley  &  Sons,  N.  Y.  City. 

5.  The  Testing  and  Use  of  Portland  Cement  in  Europe.     Eng.  News, 

vol.  30,  p.  327,  Oct.  26,  1893. 

6.  Tests  of  Cements;   Conclusions  adopted  by  the  French  Commission. 

Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  36,  p.  160,  July  24,  1897. 

7.  German  Methods  of  Testing  Cement.     Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  38,  p.  423, 

Oct.  15,  1898. 

8.  Russian  Portland  Cement  Specifications.     Eng.   Rec.,  vol.   39,  p. 

256,  Feb.  18,  1899. 

8a.  Extract  from  Russian  Government  Specifications  for  Cement.  Proc., 
Engrs'.  Club  of  Phila.,  vol.  16,  pp.  173-75,  May,  1899. 

9.  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement  in  Holland.     Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  41, 

p.  362,  April  21,  1900. 

92 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  FOREIGN  CEMENT  SPECIFICATIONS    93 

10.  The  Present  State  of  Cement  Testing  in  Germany.     Extracts  from 

a  paper  by  Max  Gray  before  the  Budapest  Congress  of  the  Inter- 
national Assoc.  for  Testing  Materials.  Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  44,  p.  569, 
Dec.  14,  1901;  p.  594,  Dec.  21,  1901. 

11.  Switzerland   Federal    Testing   Station   Standard   Specifications   for 

Cement  of  1901  (still  in  force). 

Reinforced  Concrete  in  Europe,  by  Albert  Ladd  Colby,  pp.  148-81. 
The  Chemical  Pub.  Co.,  Easton,  Pa.,  1909. 

12.  Report  of  Association  of  German  Portland  Cement  Manufacturers, 

by  S.  B.  Ncwberry.     Cement,  p.  350,  January,  1902. 

13.  German   Government    Specifications   for   Cement,    Feb.    19,    1902. 

(Still  in  force.) 

14.  French  Government  Specifications  for  Cement,  June,   1902.     (Still 

in  force.) 

Reinforced  Concrete  in  Europe,  by  Albert  Ladd  Colby,  pp.  148-81. 
The  Chemical  Pub.  Co.,  Easton,  Pa.,  1909. 

15.  Standard  Portland  Cement  Tests;    Report  of  Special  Committee 

submitted  to  the  Canadian  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  Jan.,  1902, 
and  Jan.  27,  1903.  Cement  and  Eng.  News,  vol.  13,  p.  40,  Sept., 
1902;  vol.  49,  p.  129,  Feb.  5,  1903;  Cement,  vol.  4,  pp.  98-99, 
May,  1903;  Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  47,  p.  464,  May  2,  1903. 

Practical  Cement  Testing,  by  W.  Purves  Taylor,  C.E.,  pp.  312-13. 
The  Myron  C.  Clark  Pub.  Co.,  Chicago,  1906. 

Reinforced  Concrete  in  Europe,  by  Albert  Ladd  Colby,  pp.  148-81. 
The  Chemical  Pub.  Co.,  Easton,  Pa.,  1909. 

Cements,  Limes  and  Plasters,  Their  Materials,  Manufacture  and 
Properties,  by  Edwin  C.  Eckel,  p.  622.  John  Wiley  &  Sons,  1909. 

16.  Ministry  of  Public  Highways'  Specifications  for  Cement,  Apr.  15, 

1905,  Russia. 

Reinforced  Concrete  in  Europe,  by  Albert  Ladd  Colby,  pp.  148-81. 
The  Chemical  Pub.  Co.,  1909. 

17.  British  Standard  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement.     Issued  by 

the  Engineering  Standards  Committee,  supported  by  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engrs.,  The  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engrs.,  The 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  The  Iron  and  Steel  Institute  and 
the  Institution  of  Electrical  Engrs.  Adopted  Nov.  23,  1904. 
Eng.  News,  vol.  53,  p.  227,  Mar.  2,  1905;  Proc.,  Am.  Soc.  for 
Test.  Materials,  vol.  5,  p.  363,  1905;  Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  52,  p.  626, 
Dec.  2,  1905. 

Practical  Cement  Testing,  by  W.  Purves  Taylor,  C.E.,  pp.  308-12 
(complete).  The  Myron  C.  Clark  Pub.  Co.,  1906. 

Reinforced  Concrete  in  Europe,  by  Albert  Ladd  Colby,  pp.  148-81. 
The  Chemical  Pub.  Co.,  1909. 

Cements,  Limes  and  Plasters,  Their  Materials,  Manufacture  and 


94     BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  FOREIGN  CEMENT  SPECIFICATIONS 

Properties,  by  Edwin  C.  Eckel,  C.E.,  p.  625.    John  Wiley  &  Sons, 

1909. 
Manual  of  Reinforced  Concrete,  by  Marsh  &  Dunn,  pp.  2-3.     D. 

Van  Nostrand  Co.,  N.  Y.  City,  1909. 
The  Civil  Engineer's    Pocket    Book,  by    John    C.  Trautwine,  pp. 

940-42.     19th  Edition,  1909.     John  Wiley  &  Sons. 

18.  A  Comparison  of  the  Recent  British  and  American  Specifications 

for  Cement,  by  R.  W.  Lesley.     Eng.  News,  vol.  54,  p.  523,  Nov. 
16,  1905. 

19.  International  Association  for  Testing  Materials;    Recommendations 

of  Brussels  Congress  of  September,  1906,  for  Cement  Testing. 

20.  Austrian  Engineering  and  Arch.  Assoc.  Rules  for  Cement  Testing, 

Apr.  27,  1907. 

21.  Bertram  Blount's  suggested  modifications  of  July,  1908,  and  David 

B.  Butler's  suggested  modifications  of  July,  1908,  of  the  British 
Standard  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement  of  June,  1907. 

22.  D.  G.  Somerville  &  Co.'s  Specifications  for  Cement  of  1907.     (Eng- 

land.) 

23.  J.  S.  de  Visiam's  Specifications  of  Nov.,  1907  (Agent  of  the  Henne- 

bique  Co.).    England. 

24.  Marsh  and  Dunn's  Specification  of  Feb.,  1908.     (England). 
Reinforced  Concrete  in  Europe,  by  Albert  Ladd  Colby,  pp.  148-81. 

The  Chemical  Pub.  Co.,  Easton,  Pa.,  1909. 

25.  New   Standard   Specifications   of  the  Assoc.   of   German   Portland 

Cement  Manufacturers.     Eng.  News,  vol.   60,  p.   715,  Dec.  24, 
1908;  Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  58,  p.  715,  Dec.  26,  1908. 
Reinforced  Concrete  in  Europe,  by  Albert  Ladd  Colby,  pp.  148-81. 
The   Chemical  Pub.   Co.,   Easton,   Pa.,    1909.     Eng.   News,   vol. 
62,  p.  612,  Dec.  2,  1909. 

26.  Comparison    of    the    Requirements    of    Fourteen    Foreign    Cement 

Specifications. 

Reinforced  Concrete  in  Europe,  by  Albert  Ladd  Colby,  pp.  148-81. 
The  Chemical  Pub.  Co.,  Easton,  Pa.,  1909. 

27.  German    Standard   Specifications   for    Cement,    by   H.    Burchartz, 

Gross-Lichterfelde,  Germany.     Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  61,  p.  819,  June 
25, 1910. 

28.  German  Standard  Specifications  for  Delivery  and  Testing  of  Port- 

land and  Iron-Portland  Cement.     Eng.   News,   vol.   64,  p.  214, 
Aug.  25,  1910. 


INDEX 


REFERENCES  ARE  TO  PARAGRAPHS,  NOT  PAGES 


Abrasion  tests,  348 

Accelerated  tests,  210,  224a,  242,  254, 

339,  374,  375 
Acceptable  brands,  28,  29 
Acceptance  marks  on  packages,  154 
requirements,  205,  216 
tests,  70  to  84 

Accepted  cement,  22,  118,  202,  214 
Access  to  all  parts  of  the  mill,  184 
Accuracy  of  tests,  77 
Activity,  see  Time  of  setting. 
Additional  cement,  20 

requirements,  209,  252 
Adhesion  tests,  347 
Adulterations,  133,  351 
Aeration,  06,  87 
Alkalies,  chemical  determination  of, 

389 
Alumina,  chemical  determination  of, 

385 
American    Society    of    Civil   Engrs., 

methods  of  testing  cement,  63 
Amount  of  cement  for  fineness  test, 

272 

Amount  of  water  for, 
neat  briquettes,  312 
sand  briquettes,  318 
setting  test,  291 
Analysis,    chemical,    of   cement,    76, 

88a,  173,  268 
methods  of   Society  for  Chemical 

Industry,  269,  383 
significance,  355 

Anhydrous  sulphuric  acid,  chemical 
determination  of,  390 


Apparatus  for: 

briquette  making,  306 

fineness  test,  271,  274 

normal  consistency,  285 

specific  gravity  determination,  280 

tensile  strength  determination,  328 

time  of  setting  determination,  289, 

290 

Approval  of  brand,  34 
Average  results  of  tests,  332 

B 

Bags,  delivery  of  cement  in,  97,  98 
Bags  or  barrels  to  be  marked,  86 
Barrels : 

contents  of  cement,  81,  94 

delivery  of  cement  in,  96 

number  of,  covered  by  one  set  of 

tests,  129 
Benzine,   use  of,  in  specific  gravity 

tests,  281 

Bids  for  cement,  60 
Bills  of  lading,  104 
Bills,  verifying,  50 
Blotching  of  pats,  382 
Bohme  hammer  apparatus,  306 
Boiling-water  tests,  210,   224a,  242, 

254,  339,  374,  375 
Brands  of  cement,  26  to  38,  56 

acceptable,  29 

approval,  34 

change  in,  31 

color,  133 

composition,  38 

failure,  37 

known,  58 

95 


96 


INDEX 

References  are  to  Paragraphs,  not  Pages 


Brands  of  cement,  list  furnished  con- 
tractor, 28 

mixing  of,  93 

questionable,  36 

samples,  61 

short-time  tests,  35 

unknown,  30,  50 

use  limited  to  three,  32 

variety  of,  27 

Breaking  area  of  briquettes,  331 
Briquettes,  form  of,  298 
Briquette  making,  297,  310,  314 
Briquettes  subjected  to  boiling  test, 

254 
Building  ordinances,  2 


Capacity  of: 

packages,  81,  94 
store-room,  111 

Cards,  marks  or  numbers,  disturb- 
ance of,  120 

Care  of  empty  sacks,  46 

Carload  lots  of  cement,  sampling  of, 

141 
storage  of,  113 

Certificate  of  tests  from  manufac- 
turers, 74,  88 

Change  in  brand  of  cement,  31 

Change  in  volume,  150.  See  also 
constancy  of  volume  or  sound- 
ness. 

Character  of  mill  inspection  and  tests, 
187 

Charging  cement  to  the  contractor, 
43 

Chemical  analysis  of  cement,  76,  88a, 

173,  268 
methods  of  Society  for  Chemical 

Industry,  269,  383 
Portland  cement,  233 
significance  of,  355 

City  work,  inspection  of  cement  for, 
159 

Clips,  size  of,  for  tensile  tests,  327 

Color  of  cement,  33,  235 

Composition  of  cement,  38,  233 


Compressive  tests,  345 
Consistency  of  mixture,  300 

normal  consistency,  284 

significance  of  tests,  361 
Constancy  of  volume,  177,  224,  335 

classes  of  tests,  337 

natural  cement,  241 

Portland  cement,  231 

Puzzolan,  248 

significance  of  tests,  373 
Contract  work,  3 

Cost  of  testing  cement,  64,  80,  186 
Cracking  of  cement,  see  Constancy  of 

volume. 
Credit  for  empty  sacks,  45 


D 


Damaged  cement,  83 
Damp  cloth,  use  of,  323 
Decisive  tests,  334 
Defective  cement: 

rejection  of,  12,  84,  208 

removal  from  premises,  12a 

removing  work  due  to,  13 
Definition  of: 

natural  cement,  236 

original  packages,  92 

Portland  cement,  225 

Puzzolan,  243 
Delivery  of  cement,  47,  67,  86  to  106 

delay  in,  102 

notice  of,  101 

unloading  cars,  103 
Demurrage,  48 
Destroying  sacks,  24 
Deterioration  of  cement,  90,  108 
Determination  of: 

constancy  of  volume,  335 

fineness,  270 

normal  consistency,  284 

specific  gravity,  278 

tensile  strength,  325 

time  of  setting,  288 
Different  brands  of  cement,  27 
Disturbance    of    cards,     marks    or 
numbers,  120 


INDEX 

References  are  to  Paragraphs,  not  Pages 


97 


E 


Elaborate  tests,  152 

Engineer  allowed  to  enter  store  room, 

112 

Engineer's  decision,  138 
Engineer     may     test     and     analyze 

cement,  127 
Examination  of  pats,  376 

sieves,  275 

Expense  of  laboratory  tests,  162 
Experienced  testers,  218 
Exposure  to  moisture,  211 
Expressing  results  of  tests,  330 
Extended  tests,  131,  213,  372 
Extension  of  time,  137 


Facilities  for: 

sampling,  140 

testing,  146 

Factory  inspection,  128 
Failure  of  brand,  37 

briquettes  to  pass  tests,  230 

pats  to  pass  soundness  test,  232 
Field  inspection  and  tests,  145,  181, 

204 

Final  acceptance,  207 
Fineness  of  cement,  219,  270 

amount  of  cement  to  be  used  in 
test,  272 

apparatus,  271 

hand  sieving,  273 

method  of  determining,  174,  277 

natural  hydraulic  cement,  237 

percentage,  277 

Portland  cement,  226 

Puzzolan,  244 

sieves,  271 

significance  of  test,  357 
Flash  set,  366 
Form  of  briquette,  298 

proposal  for  furnishing  cement,  85 
Freezing,  resistance  of  cement  to,  349 
Freight  on  rejected  cement,  126 
Furnishing  cement  in  bulk,  195 

to  the  contractor,  42  to  54 


G 


General  conditions,  1  to  25 
Gilmore  needles,  290 
Glass  tube  for  soundness  test,  341 
Grade  of  cement,  26 

H 

Hammer  apparatus  of  Bohme,  306 

Hand  sieving,  273 

Highest  results  in  tests,  333 

Hot  tests,  see  Accelerated  or  boiling 

tests. 
Housing  cement,  109 


Identifying  foreign  material,  344 
Identity  of  cement  withheld,  169 
Ignition,  determination  of  loss  on, 

392 

Information  to  be  furnished,  65 
Inspection  and  tests  of  cement,  8 

field,  125,  159,  181,  204 

laboratory,  9,  157,  160 

mill,  10,  78,  163,  182 
Inspectors,  furnishing,  188 
Iron,  chemical  determination  of,  386 

K 

Kerosene,    used   in    specific   gravity 

determination,  282 
Known  brand  of  cement,  58 


Laboratory  inspection  and  tests,  9, 

157,  160 

Less  cement,  use  of,  21 
Lime,  allowable  proportion,  233 

chemical  determination  of,  387 
List  of  brands  furnished  contractor, 

28 
Lumpy  cement,  14,  126 

M 

Magnesia,  356 

allowable  proportion  of,  233,  356 
chemical  determination  of,  388 

Magnifying  powers,  343 


INDEX 

References  are  to  Paragraphs,  not  Pages 


Manufacturer   furnishing   results    of 

tests,  74,  88 
Marking  packages,  86,  153 

samples,  167 

Meaning  of  original  packages,  92 
Measuring  cement,  18 
Mechanical  sifter,  274,  359 
Method  of  sampling  cement,  144,  165, 
194,  196,  198 

testing  cement,  63,  170,  261 
Microscopical  tests  of  cement,  234, 

342 

Mill  inspection  and  tests,  10,  78,  163, 
182 

character,  187 

compensation,  80,  186 

copy  of  tests,  105 

sample,  194 

scope,  190,  191 

Miscellaneous  tests,  345  to  352 
Mixing  cement,  93 

paste,  293,  303 

samples,  142,  143 
Modifications  in   test  requirements, 

209 

Moist  closet,  322 
Moisture,  exposure  to,  211 
Molding  briquettes,  305,  313,  320 

pats  or  cakes,  294,  336 
Molds,  304 
Mortar  box  tests,  151 

N 
Natural  hydraulic  cement: 

boiling  test,  242 

constancy  of  volume,  241 

definition,  236 

fineness,  237 

microscopic  test,  342 

soundness,  241 

specific  gravity,  238 

tensile  strength,  240 

time  of  setting,  239 

weight  of,  per  barrel,  81,  94 
Neat  briquettes,  310 
Neat  tests  of  briquettes,  369 
Normal  consistency,  284,  362 

significance  of  tests,  361 


Normal  tests  for  soundness,  231,  241, 

248,  338 
Notifying  engineer  when  cement  is 

wanted,  51 
Number   of   briquettes   for   testing, 

299,  311,  315,  326 

O 
Owner  furnishing  cement,  42 


Packages,  91,  92,  201 

capacity  of,  94 
Packing  of  cement,  95 
Pats  causing  glass  to  break,  380 
Pats,  molding  of,  294 
Pats  which  have  curled  up  at  edges, 
378 

left  glass,  379 
Percentage  of  fineness,  277 
Physical  tests  of  cement,  see  Tests  of 

cement. 

Plates  for  sifting  cement,  358 
Portland  cement : 

chemical  composition,  233 

color,  235 

constancy  of  volume,  231 

definition,  225 

fineness,  226 

fresh,  use  of,  25 

miscroscopic  test,  234,  342 

setting  qualities,  124 

soundness,  231 

specific  gravity,  227 

tensile  strength,  229,  257 

time  of  quick  setting,  256 

time  of  setting,  228 

use,  2 

weight  of,  per  barrel,  81,  94 
Preference  for  slow-setting  cements, 

6 
Preservation    of    maker's   brand    on 

packages,  122 
Prohibiting     use     of     questionable 

cement,  36 

Proportions,  265,  301,  316 
Proposals  for  cement,  60,  85 


Pulverizing  cement,  14 
Purchase  of  cement  from  manufac- 
turers, 55  to  85 

Purchase  tests  of  cement,  55  to  69 
Puzzolan  cement: 

constancy  of  volume,  248 

definition,  243 

fineness,  244 

microscopic  test,  342 

soundness,  248 

specific  gravity,  245 

tensile  strength,  247 

time  of  setting,  246 

weight  of,  249 

Q 

Quality  of  cement,  1,  71 
Quantity  of  sample,  166 
Quantity  on  hand,  116,  118 
Questionable  cement,  36 
Quick-setting  qualities,  256,  365 

R 

Radial  cracks  in  pats,  381 
Records   of   cement  received,    given 

out  and  rejected,  11 
Records  of  cement  tests,  180,  189,  267 
Reinforced  concrete,  132 
Reinspection  of  cement,  156,  212 
Rejected  cement: 
freight  on,  126 
records  of,  11 

removal  from  premises,  12a 
Rejection  of  accepted  cement,  215 
•  cement,  12,  84,  106,  156,  202,  208, 

212 

marks  on  packages,  155 
requirements,  216 

Relation  of  cement  and  aggregate,  16 
Removing    briquettes    from   molds, 

307 

rubbish  from  cement,  15 
work  due  to  defective  cement,  13 
Repeating  tests  at  laboratory,  157 
Reputation  of  manufacturers,  57 
Responsibility  for  delivery  of  cement, 
89 


INDEX  99 

References  are  to  Paragraphs,  not  Pages 

Resistance  to  freezing,  349 
action  of  sea  water,  350 
Results  of  tests,  179,  283,  330,  332, 

333 

Rights  reserved,  69 
Routine  of  mill  inspection,  191 
Rubbish  in  cement,  removal  of,  15 


S 
Sacks : 

care  of  empty,  46 

contract  regarding,  44 

credit  for  empty,  24 

delivery  of  cement  in  cloth,  97 

delivery  of  cement  in  paper,  98 

destroying,  24 

ownership  of,  68 

marking,  86 

Samples,  61,  134,  158,  164,  194,  196 
Sampling  cement,  62,  73,   114,   139, 

165  to  169,  199,  262,  353 
Sand  briquettes,  314 
Sand  cement: 

definition,  250 

manufacture,  39 

preparation,  40 

specifications,  41 

test  requirements,  251 
Sand  for  cement  tests,  135 
Scales  for  weighing  cement,  110 
Scope  of  mill  inspection  and  tests, 

191,  192 

Screening  samples,  263 
Sealing  packages,  200,  201 
Sea  water,  use  of  cement  in,  258,  350 
Selection  of  laboratory,  161 
Sending  samples  to  laboratory,  164 
Setting  aside  special  bins,  197 
Setting  of  cement,  124,  149,  175,  221 

method  of  testing,  288,  296 

in  sea  water,  259 

significance  of  tests,  363 
Setting  of  cement,  time  of,  176 

natural,  239 

Portland,  228 

Puzzolan,  246 

Setting  tests,  see  Setting  of  cement. 
Seven-day  tests,  223,  370 


103 


INDEX 

References  are  to  Paragraphs,  not  Pages 


Shipping    cement,    see    Delivery  of  : 

cement. 

Shortage  in  weight,  82 
Short-time  tests,  35 
Shot  in  sieves  for  fineness  test,  276 
Shrinkage  cracks,  377 
Sieves,  271,  274 
Sifting  cement,  292,  302 
Silica  cement,  see  Sand  cement. 
Silica,  chemical  determination  of,  384 
Simple  field  tests,  148 
Slag  adulteration,  351 
Slag  cement,  see  Puzzolan. 
Slow-setting  cements,  364 
Solution,    method    of,    in    chemical 

tests,  383 
Soundness  of  cement,  150,  224 

method  of  testing,  177,  335 

natural  hydraulic  cement,  241 

Portland  cement,  231 

Puzzolan,  248 

significance  of  tests,  373 
Special  requirements,  255 
Specific  gravity  of  cements,  278 

apparatus,  280 

benzine,  281 

method  of  determining,  282 

natural  hydraulic  cement,  238 

Portland  cement,  227 

Puzzolan  cement,  245 

results,  283 

significance  of  tests,  360 

temperature,  279 
Standard  sand,  317a 
Steam  tests,  see  Accelerated  or  boil- 
ing tests. 
Storage  of  briquettes,  309 

test  pieces,  295,  309,  321,  324 
Storage  of  cement,  23,  49,  107  to  124 

car-load  lots,  113 

in  the  open,  121 

sampling  and  marking,  114 

storehouse,  110,  111,  112 

use,  115 
Strength,  see  Tensile  strength,  Com- 

pressive  strength,  etc. 
Sulphur,      chemical      determination 
of,  391 


Sulphuric  anhydride,  chemical  deter- 
mination of,  391 
Supervision  of  tests,  183 


Tagging  accepted  cement,  214 
Temperature,  264 

setting  of  cement,  367 

specific  gravity,  279 
Tenders  for  cement,  60 
Tensile  strength  of  cement,  178,  222 

method  of  testing,  325 

natural  hydraulic  cement,  240 
Tensile  strength  of  cement,  Portland 
cement,  229 

Puzzolan,  247 

quick-setting,  257 

significance  of  test,  368 
Tested  cement,  136 
Testing  briquettes,  329 
Testing  house  for  cement,  147 
Testing  machine,  type  of,  328 
Tests  of  cement : 

abrasion,  348 

accelerated,    210,    224a,    242,  254, 
339,  374,  375 

acceptance,  216 

adhesion,  347 

adulterations,  351 

boiling  water,  see  Accelerated. 

briquettes  placed  in  sea  water,  260 

classification  of,  216 

compressive  strength,  345 

constancy  of  volume,  231,  241,  248, 
335 

decisive  tests,  334 

elaborate,  152 

extended,  131,  213,  372 

final,  206 

fineness,  226,  237,  244,  357 

hot,  see  Accelerated. 

microscopical,  234.  342 

miscellaneous,  345  to  352 

mortar  box,  151 

normal  consistency,  284 

purchase,  55 


Tests  of  cement: 

resistance  to  action  of  sea  water, 
350 

resistance  to  freezing,  349 

required,  172,  193,  217 

results  of,  179,  189,  330,  332,  333 

sea-water,  258,  259,  260 

seven-day,  223 

short-time,  35 

simple    method    for    normal    con- 
sistency, 287 

soundness,    224.      See    also    Con- 
stancy of  volume. 

special  requirements,  255 

specific  gravity,  227,  238,  245,  278 

tensile  strength,  229,  240,  247,  257, 
325,  368 

three-day  tests,  209a 

time  of  setting,  228,  239,  246,  253, 
288 

tri-monthly,  213a 

where  made,  75 

see    also,    Natural,   Portland    and 

Puzzolan  cements. 
Testing  cement: 

according  to  contract,  72 

ample  supply  of  cement,  116 

cost,  64 

field,  145,  181,  204 

methods  of  Am.  Soc.  C.  E.,  63,  261 

laboratory,  9,  157,  160 

limits  of  accuracy,  77 

mill  or  factory,  10,  78,  163,  182 

proportions,  265,  301,  316 

results  furnished  by  manufacturer, 
74,  189 

screening  samples,  263 

supervision,  183 

temperature,  264,  279 

water,  266,  291,  300,  312,  318 

see    also,    Natural,    Portland   and 

Puzzolan  cements. 
Test  requirements  for  cement,  217 
Three-day  tests,  209a 


INDEX  J'  '  TOl 

References  are  to  Paragraphs,  not  Pages 

Time  of  delivery  of  cement,  99 

sending  samples,  168 
Time  of  setting,  5,  221,  253 

natural  cement,  239 

Portland  cement,  228 

Puzzolan,  246 

Total  sulphur,   chemical  determina- 
tion of,  391 

Transverse  strength,  346 
Twenty-eight  day  tests,  371 


U 

Uniformity  of  product,  130 

Unit  of  measuie,  17 

Unknown  brand,  30,  59 

Unload  ins;  cars,  103 

Unnecessary  use  of  cement,  52  to  54 

Unsatisfactory  boiling  test,  375 

Untested  cement,  117 

Use  limited  to  three  brands,  32 

Use  of  fresh  cement,  25 

Use  of  tools,  labor,  etc.,  185 


Variety  of  brands  of  cement,  27 
Varying  cost  of  cement,  7 
Vicat  needle,  285,  289 
Visiting  laboratory,  171 
Volume,  constancy  of,  see  Constancy 
of  volume  or  soundness. 

W 

Waste  of  cement,  52 

Water  for  cement  tests,  266,  291,  300, 

312,  318 

Water,  storage  of  test  pieces  in,  324 
Weighing  cement,  19,  123 

briquettes,  308 
Weight  of  packages  of  cement: 

natural,  81 

Portland,  81 

Puzzolan,  81,  249 

shortage  in,  82 


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Ayrton,  H.     The  Electric  Arc 8vo,  *5  oo 

Bacon,  F.  W.     Treatise  on  the  Richards  Steam-Engine  Indicator  ..  i2mo,  i  oo 

Bailes,  G.  M.     Modern  Mining  Practice.     Five  Volumes 8vo,  each,  3  50 

Bailey,  R.  D.     The  Brewers'  Analyst 8vo,  *5  oo 

Baker,  A.  L.     Quaternions 8vo,  *i  25 

Thick-Lens  Optics (In  Press. , 

Baker,  Benj.     Pressure  of  Earthwork.     (Science  Series  No.  56.)...i6mo) 

Baker,  I.  0.     Levelling.     (Science  Series  No.  91.) i6mo,  o  50 

Baker,  M.  N.     Potable  Water.     (Science  Series  No.  61.) i6mo,  o  50 

—  Sewerage  and  Sewage  Purification.     (Science  Series  No.  i8.)..i6mo,  o  50 

Baker,  T.  T.     Telegraphic  Transmission  of  Photographs i2mo,  *i  25 

Bale,  G.  R.     Modern  Iron  Foundry  Practice.     Two  Volumes.     i2mo. 

Vol.    I.  Foundry  Equipment,  Materials  Used *2  50 

Vol.  II.  Machine  Moulding  and  Moulding  Machines *i  50 

Bale,  M.  P.     Pumps  and  Pumping i2mo,  i  50 

Ball,  J.  W.     Concrete  Structures  in  Railways.    (In  Press.} 8vo, 

Ball,  R.  S.     Popular  Guide  to  the  Heavens 8vo,  *4  50 

Natural  Sources  of  Power.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 


4        D.  VAN   NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S  SHORT  TITLE  CATALOG 

Ball,  W.  V.     Law  Affecting  Engineers 8vo,  *3  50 

Bankson,  Lloyd.     Slide  Valve  Diagrams.     (Science  Series  No.  108.) .  i6mo,  o  50 

Barba,  J.     Use  of  Steel  for  Constructive  Purposes i2mo,  i  oo 

Barham,  G.  B.    Development  of  the  Incandescent  Electric  Lamp.  . . .  (In  Press.) 

Barker,  A.    Textiles  and  Their  Manufacture.    (Westminster  Series.) . .  8vo,  2  oo 

Barker,  A.  H.     Graphic  Methods  of  Engine  Design i2mo,  *i  50 

Barnard,  F.  A.  P.     Report  on  Machinery  and  Processes  of  the  Industrial 
Arts  and  Apparatus  of  the  Exact  Sciences  at  the  Paris  Universal 

Exposition,  1867 8vo,  5  oo 

Barnard,  J.  H.     The  Naval  Militiaman's  Guide i6mo,  leather  i  25 

Barnard,  Major  J.  G.     Rotary  Motion.     (Science  Series  No.  90.) i6mo,  o  50 

Barrus,  G.  H.     Boiler  Tests 8vo,  *3  oo 

Engine  Tests 8vo,  *4  oo 

The  above  two  purchased  together *6  oo 

Barwise,  S.     The  Purification  of  Sewage I2mo,  3  50 

Baterden,  J.  R.     Timber.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Bates,  E.  L.,  and  Charlesworth,  F.     Practical  Mathematics I2mo, 

Part   I.    Preliminary  and  Elementary  Course *i  50 

Part  II.    Advanced  Course *i  50 

Beadle,  C.     Chapters  on  Papermaking.     Five  Volumes i2mo,  each,  *2  oo 

Beaumont,  R.     Color  in  Woven  Design 8vo,  *6  oo 

—  Finishing  of  Textile  Fabrics 8vo,  *4  oo 

Beaumont,  W.  W.     The  Steam-Engine  Indicator 8vo,  2  50 

Bechhold.     Colloids  in  Biology  and  Medicine.     Trans,  by  J.  G.  Bullowa 

(In  Press.) 

Beckwith,  A.     Pottery 8vo,  paper,  o  60 

Bedell,  F.,  and  Pierce,  C.  A.    Direct  and  Alternating  Current  Manual.Svo,  *2  oo 

Beech,  F.     Dyeing  of  Cotton  Fabrics 8vo,  *3  oo 

Dyeing  of  Woolen  Fabrics 8vo,  *3  50 

Begtrup,  J.     The  Slide  Valve 8vo,  *2  oo 

Beggs,  G.  E.     Stresses  hi  Railway  Girders  and  Bridges (In  Press.) 

Bender,  C.  E.     Continuous  Bridges.     (Science  Series  No.  26.) i6mo,  o  50 

Proportions   of  Piers  used  in  Bridges.     (Science  Series  No.  4.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Bennett,  H.  G.     The  Manufacture  of  Leather 8vo,  *4  50 

Leather  Trades    (Outlines  of  Industrial   Chemistry).    8vo . .  (In  Press.) 

Bernthsen,    A.      A  Text  -  book  of  Organic  Chemistry.      Trans,  by  G. 

M'Gowan i2mo,  *2  50 

Berry,  W.  J.    Differential  Equations  of  the  First  Species.    i2mo.  (In  Preparation.) 
Bersch,  J.     Manufacture  of  Mineral  and  Lake  Pigments.     Trans,  by  A.  C. 

Wright 8vo,  *5  oo 

Bertin,  L.  E.     Marine  Boilers.     Trans,  by  L.  S.  Robertson 8vo,  5  oo 

Beveridge,  J.     Papermaker's  Pocket  Book i2mo,  *4  oo 

Binns,  C.  F.     Ceramic  Technology 8vo,  *5  oo 

Manual  of  Practical  Potting 8vo,  *7  50 

—  The  Potter's  Craft 12010,  *2  oo 

Birchmore,  W.  H.    Interpretation  of  Gas  Analysis i2mo,  *i  25 

Elaine,  R.  G.     The  Calculus  and  Its  Applications i2mo,  *i  50 

Blake,  W.  H.     Brewers'  Vade  Mecum 8vo,  *4  oo 

Blake,  W.  P.     Report  upon  the  Precious  Metals 8vo,  2  oo 

Bligh,  W.  G.     The  Practical  Design  of  Irrigation  Works 8vo,  *6  oo 


D.   VAN   NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S   SHORT  TITLE   CATALOG        5 

Bliicher,  H.      Modern  Industrial  Chemistry.     Trans,  by  J.  P.  Millington 

8vo,  *7  50 

Blyth,  A.  W.     Foods:  Their  Composition  and  Analysis 8vo,  7  50 

—  Poisons:  Their  Effects  and  Detection 8vo,  7  50 

Bockmann,  F.     Celluloid i2mo,  *2  50 

Bodmer,  G.  R.     Hydraulic  Motors  and  Turbines i2mo,  5  oo 

Boileau,  J.  T.     Traverse  Tables 8vo,  5  oo 

Bonney,  G.  E.     The  Electro-platers'  Handbook i2mo,  i  20 

Booth,  N.     Guide  to  the  Ring-spinning  Frame i2mo,  *i  25 

Booth,  W.  H.     Water  Softening  and  Treatment 8vo,  *2  50 

Superheaters  and  Superheating  and  Their  Control 8vo,  *i  50 

Bottcher,  A.     Cranes:    Their  Construction,  Mechanical  Equipment  and 

Working.     Trans,  by  A.  Tolhausen 4to,  *io  oo 

Bottler,  M.     Modern  Bleaching  Agents.     Trans,  by  C.  Salter. ......  i2mo,  *2  50 

Bottone,  S.  R.     Magnetos  for  Automobilists i2mo,  *i  oo 

Boulton,  S.  B.     Preservation  of  Timber.     (Science  Series  No.  82.) .  i6mo,  o  50 

Bourgougnon,  A.     Physical  Problems.     (Science  Series  No.  H3.)..i6mo,  o  50 
Bourry,  E.     Treatise  on  Ceramic  Industries.     Trans,  by  J.  J.  Sudborough. 

8vo,  *5  oo 

Bow,  R.  H.     A  Treatise  on  Bracing 8vo,  i  50 

Bowie,  A.  J.,  Jr.     A  Practical  Treatise  on  Hydraulic  Mining 8vo,  5  oo 

Bowker,  W.  R.     Dynamo,  Motor  and  Switchboard  Circuits 8vo,  *2  50 

Bowles,  O.     Tables  of  Common  Rocks.      (Science  Series  No.  125.). .  i6mo,  050 

Bowser,  E.  A.     Elementary  Treatise  on  Analytic  Geometry i2mo,  i  75 

Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Differential  and  Integral  Calculus. i2mo,  2  23 

Elementary  Treatise  on  Analytic  Mechanics i2mo,  3  oo 

Elementary  Treatise  on  Hydro-mechanics i2mo,  2  50 

A  Treatise  on  Roofs  and  Bridges i2mo,  *2  25 

Boycott,  G.  W.  M.     Compressed  Air  Work  and  Diving 8vo,  *4  oo 

Bragg,  E.  M.     Marine  Engine  Design. i2mo,  *2  oo 

Brainard,  F.  R.     The  Sextant.     (Science  Series  No.  101.) i6mo, 

Brassey's  Naval  Annual  for  191 1 8vo,  *6  oo 

Brew,  W.     Three-Phase  Transmission 8vo,  *2  oo 

Brewer,  R.  W.  A.     Motor  Car  Construction i2mo, 

Briggs,    R.,    and   Wolff,    A.    R.     Steam-Heating.     (Science    Series   No. 

67.) i6mo,  o  50 

Bright,  C.     The  Life  Story  of  Sir  Charles  Tilson  Bright 8vo,  *4  50 

Brislee,  T.  J.    Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Fuel.     (Outlines  of  Indus- 
trial Chemistry) , 8vo,  *3  oo 

British  Standard  Sections 8x15  *i  oo 

Complete  list  of  this  series  (45  parts)  sent  on  application. 
Broadfoot,  S.  K.     Motors,  Secondary  Batteries.     (Installation  Manuals 

Series) i2mo,  *o  75 

Broughton,  H.  H.    Electric  Cranes  and  Hoists *9  oo 

Brown,  G.     Healthy  Foundations.     (Science  Series  No.  80.) i6mo,  o  50 

Brown,  H.     Irrigation 8vo,  *5  oo 

Brown,  Wm.  N.     The  Art  of  Enamelling  on  Metal i2mo,  *i  oo 

Handbook  on  Japanning  and  Enamelling 12010,  *i  50 

House  Decorating  and  Painting i2mo,  *i  50 

History  of  Decorative  Art i2mo,  *i  25 

Dipping,  Burnishing,  Lacquering  and  Bronzing  Brass  Ware. . .  i2mo,  *i  oo 


6        D.   VAN   NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S   SHORT  TITLE   CATALOG 

Brown,  Win.  N.     Workshop  Wrinkles 8vo,  *i  oo 

Browne,  R.  E.     Water  Meters.     (Science  Series  No.  81.) i6mo,  o  50 

Bruce,  E.  M.     Pure  Food  Tests i2mo,  *i  25 

Bruhns,  Dr.     New  Manual  of  Logarithms 8vo,  half  morocco,  2  oo 

Brunner,  R.     Manufacture  of  Lubricants,  Shoe  Polishes  and  Leather 

Dressings.     Trans,  by  C.  Salter 8vo,  *3  oo 

Buel,  R.  H.     Safety  Valves.     (Science  Series  No.  21.) i6mo,  o  50 

Bulman,  H.  F.,  and  Redmayne,  R.  S.  A.     Colliery  Working  and  Manage- 
ment  8vo,  6  oo 

Burgh,  N.  P.     Modern  Marine  Engineering 4to,  half  morocco,  10  oo 

Burstall,  F/W.    Energy  Diagram  for  Gas.    With  Text 8vo,  i  50 

Diagram.     Sold  separately *i  oo 

Burt,  W.  A.     Key  to  the  Solar  Compass i6mo,  leather,  2  50 

Burton,  F.  G.     Engineering  Estimates  and  Cost  Accounts i2mo,  *i  50 

Buskett,  E.  W.     Fire  Assaying i2mo,  *i  25 

Byers,  H.  G.,  and  Knight,  H.  G.     Notes  on  Qualitative  Analysis . . .  .8vo,  *i  50 

Cain,  W.     Brief  Course  in  the  Calculus i2mo,  *i  75 

Elastic  Arches.     (Science  Series  No.  48.) i6mo,  o  50 

Maximum  Stresses.     (Science  Series  No.  38.) i6mo,  o  50 

Practical  Designing  Retaining  of  Walls.     (Science  Series  No.  3.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Theory     of     Steel-concrete     Arches    and    of    Vaulted    Structures, 

(Science  Series  No.  42.) i6mo,  o  50 

Theory  of  Voussoir  Arches.     (Science  Series  No.  12.) i6mo,  o  50 

—  Symbolic  Algebra.     (Science  Series  No.  73.) i6mo,  o  50 

Campin,  F.     The  Construction  of  Iron  Roofs 8vo,  2  oo 

Carpenter,  F.  D.     Geographical  Surveying.     (Science  Series  No.  37.) .  i6mo, 

Carpenter,  R.  C.,  and  Diederichs,  H.     Internal  Combustion  Engines. 8vo,  *s  oo 

Carter,  E.  T.     Motive  Power  and  Gearing  for  Electrical  Machinery  .  .  8vo,  *5  oo 

Carter,  H.  A.     Ramie  (Rhea),  China  Grass I2mo,  *2  oo 

Carter,  H.  R.     Modern  Flax,  Hemp,  and  Jute  Spinning 8vo,  *3  oo 

Cathcart,  W.  L.     Machine  Design.     Part  I.  Fastenings 8vo,  *3  oo 

Cathcart,  W.  L.,  and  Chaffee,  J.  I.     Elements  of  Graphic  Statics 8vo,  *3  oo 

Short  Course  in  Graphics i2mo,  i  50 

Caven,  R.  M.,  and  Lander,  G.  D.     Systematic  Inorganic  Chemistry.  i2mo,  *2  oo 

Chalkley,  A.  P.     Diesel  Engines 8vo,  *3  oo 

Chambers'  Mathematical  Tables 8vo,  i  75 

Charnock,  G.  F.     Workshop  Practice.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo  (In  Press.) 

Charpentier,  P.     Timber 8vo,  *6  oo 

Chatley,  H.     Principles  and  Designs  of  Aeroplanes.    (Science   Series.) 

No.  126.) i6mo,  o  50 

—  How  to  Use  Water  Power i2mo,  *i  oo 

Child,   C.   D.     Electric  Arc 8vo,    *(In  Press.) 

Child,  C.  T.     The  How  and  Why  of  Electricity i2mo,  i  oo 

Christie,  W.  W.     Boiler- waters,  Scale,  Corrosion,  Foaming 8vo,  *3  oo 

—  Chimney  Design  and  Theory 8vo,  *3  oo 

—  Furnace  Draft.     (Science  Series  No.  123.) i6mo,  o  50 

-  Water:  Its  Purification  for  Use  in  the  Industries 8vo,  (In  Press.) 

Church's  Laboratory  Guide.     Rewritten  by  Edward  Kinch 8vo,  *2  50 

Clapperton,  G.     Practical  Papermaking 8vo,  2  50 


D.  VAN   NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S  SHORT  TITLE   CATALOG        7 

Clark,  A.  G.     Motor  Car  Engineering. 

Vol.  I.     Construction *3  oo 

Vol.  II.     Design (In  Press.) 

Clark,  C.  H.     Marine  Gas  Engines i2mo,  *i  50 

Clark,  D.  K.     Rules,  Tables  and  Data  for  Mechanical  Engineers 8vo,  5  oo 

—  Fuel:  Its  Combustion  and  Economy i2mo,  '     i  50 

The  Mechanical  Engineer's  Pocketbook i6mo,  2  oo 

—  Tramways:  Their  Construction  and  Working 8vo,  5  oo 

Clark,  J.  M.     New  System  of  Laying  Out  Railway  Turnouts i2mo,  i  oo 

Clausen-Thue,  W.     ABC  Telegraphic  Code.     Fourth  Edition i2mo,  *5  oo 

Fifth  Edition 8vo,  *7  oo 

The  A  i  Telegraphic  Code 8vo,  *7  50 

Cleemann,  T.  M.     The  Railroad  Engineer's  Practice i2mo,  *i  50 

Clerk,  D.,  and  Idell,  F.  E.     Theory  of  the  Gas  Engine.     (Science  Series 

No.  62.) i6mo,  o  50 

Clevenger,  S.  R.     Treatise    on    the    Method    of    Government    Surveying. 

i6mo,  morocco 2  50 

Clouth,  F.     Rubber,  Gutta-Percha,  and  Balata 8vo,  *5  oo 

Cochran,  J.     Treatise  on  Cement  Specifications 8vo,  (In  Press.).  . 

Coffin,  J.  H.  C.     Navigation  and  Nautical  Astronomy i2mo,  *3  50 

Colburn,  Z.,  and  Thurston,  R.  H.     Steam  Boiler  Explosions.     (Science 

Series  No.  2.) i6mo,  o  50 

Cole,  R.  S.    Treatise  on  Photographic  Optics i2mo,  i  50 

Coles-Finch,  W.     Water,  Its  Origin  and  Use 8vo,  *5  oo 

Collins,  J.  E.     Useful  Alloys  and  Memoranda  for  Goldsmiths,  Jewelers. 

i6mo o  50 

Constantine,  E.     Marine  Engineers,  Their  Qualifications  and  Duties.    8vo,  *2  oo 

Coombs,  H.  A.     Gear  Teeth.     (Science  Series  No.  120.) i6mo,  o  50 

Cooper,  W.  R.     Primary  Batteries 8vo,  *4  oo 

"  The  Electrician  "  Primers ..." 8vo,  *5  oo 

Part  I *i  50 

Part  II *2  50 

Part  III *2  oo 

Copperthwaite,  W.  C.     Tunnel  Shields 4to,  *o  oo 

Corey,  H.  T.     Water  Supply  Engineering 8vo  (In  Press.) 

Corfield,  W.  H.     Dwelling  Houses.     (Science  Series  No.  50.) i6mo,  o  50 

-  Water  and  Water-Supply.     (Science  Series  No.  17.) i6mo,  o  50 

Cornwall,  H.  B.     Manual  of  Blow-pipe  Analysis 8vo,  *2  50 

Courtney,  C.  F.     Masonry  Dams 8vo,  3  50 

Cowell,  W.  B.     Pure  Air,  Ozone,  and  Water i2mo,  *2  oo 

Craig,  T.     Motion  of  a  Solid  in  a  Fuel.     (Science  Series  No.  49.) ....  i6mo,  o  50 

—  Wave  and  Vortex  Motion.     (Science  Series  No.  43.) i6mo,  o  50 

Cramp,  W.     Continuous  Current  Machine  Design 8vo,  *2  50 

Crocker,  F.  B.     Electric  Lighting.     Two  Volumes.     8vo. 

Vol.    I.     The  Generating  Plant 3  oo 

Vol.  II.     Distributing  Systems  and  Lamps 3  oo 

Crocker,  F.  B.,  and  Arendt,  M.     Electric  Motors 8vo,  *2  50 

Crocker,  F.  B.,  and  Wheeler,  S.  S.     The  Management  of  Electrical  Ma- 
chinery  i2mo,  *i  oo 

Cross,  C.  F.,  Bevan,  E.  J.,  and  Sindall,  R.  W.     Wood  Pulp  and  Its  Applica- 
tions.    (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 


8        D.   VAN   NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S  SHORT  TITLE  CATALOG 

Crosskey,  L.  R.     Elementary  Perspective 8vo,  i  oo 

Crosskey,  L.  R.,  and  Thaw,  J.    Advanced  Perspective 8vo,  i  50 

Culley,  J.  L.      Theory  of  Arches.     (Science  Series  No.  87.) i6mo,  o  50 

Davenport,  C.     The  Book.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Da  vies,  D.  C.     Metalliferous  Minerals  and  Mining 8vo,  5  oo 

-  Earthy  Minerals  and  Mining 8vo,  5  oo 

Davies,  E.  H.     Machinery  for  Metalliferous  Mines 8vo,  8  oo 

Davies,  F.  H.     Electric  Power  and  Traction 8vo,  *2  oo 

Dawson,  P.     Electric  Traction  on  Railways 8vo,  *p  oo 

Day,  C.     The  Indicator  and  Its  Diagrams i2mo,  *2  oo 

Deerr,  N.     Sugar  and  the  Sugar  Cane 8vo,  *8  oo 

Deite,  C.     Manual  of  Soapmaking.     Trans,  by  S.  T.  King 4to,  *5  oo 

De  la  Coux,  H.     The  Industrial  Uses  of  Water.     Trans,  by  A.  Morris. 

8vo,  *4  50 

Del  Mar,  W.  A.     Electric  Power  Conductors 8vo,  *2  oo 

Denny,  G.  A.     Deep-level  Mines  of  the  Rand 4to,  *io  oo 

Diamond  Drilling  for  Gold *5  oo 

De  Roos,  J.  D.  C.     Linkages.     (Science  Series  No.  47.) i6mo,  o  50 

Derr,  W.  L.     Block  Signal  Operation Oblong  i2mo,  *i  50 

Maintenance-of-Way  Engineering (In  Preparation.} 

Desaint,  A.     Three  Hundred  Shades  and  How  to  Mix  Them 8vo,  *io  oo 

De  Varona,  A.     Sewer  Gases.     (Science  Series  No.  55.) i6mo,  o  50 

Devey,  R.  G.     Mill  and  Factory  Wiring.     (Installation  Manuals  Series.) 

i2mo,  *i  oo 

Dibdin,  W.  J.     Public  Lighting  by  Gas  and  Electricity 8vo,  *8  oo 

* Purification  of  Sewage  and  Water 8vo,  6  50 

Dichmann,  Carl.    Basic  Open-Hearth  Steel  Process i2mo,  *3  50 

Dieterich,  K.     Analysis  of  Resins,  Balsams,  and  Gum  Resins 8vo,  *3  oo 

Dinger,  Lieut.  H.  C.     Care  and  Operation  of  Naval  Machinery i2mo,  *2  oo 

Dixon,  D.  B.     Machinist's  and  Steam  Engineer's  Practical  Calculator. 

i6mo,  morocco,  i  23 

Doble,  W.  A.     Power  Plant  Construction  on  the  Pacific  Coast  (In  Press.) 
Dodd,  G.     Dictionary    of   Manufactures,    Mining,    Machinery,    and    the 

Industrial  Arts i2mo,  i  50 

Dorr,  B.  F.     The  Surveyor's  Guide  and  Pocket  Table-book. 

i6mo,  morocco,  2  oo 

Down,  P.  B.     Handy  Copper  Wire  Table i6mo,  *i  oo 

Draper,  C.  H.     Elementary  Text-book  of  Light,  Heat  and  Sound. . .  i2mo,  i  oo 

Heat  and  the  Principles  of  Thermo-dynamics : i2mo,  i  50 

Duckwall,  E.  W.     Canning  and  Preserving  of  Food  Products 8vo,  *5  oo 

Dumesny,  P.,  and  Noyer,  J.     Wood  Products,  Distillates,  and  Extracts. 

8vo,  *4  50 
Duncan,  W.  G.,  and  Penman,  D.     The  Electrical  Equipment  of  Collieries. 

8vo,  *4  oo 
Dunstan,rA.  E.,  and  Thole,  F.  B.  T.    Textbook  of  Practical  Chemistry. 

i2mo,  *i  40 

Duthie,  A.  L.     Decorative  Glass  Processes.     (Westminster  Series.).  .8vo,  *2  oo 

Dwight,  H.  B.     Transmission  Line  Formulas 8vo,   (In  Press.) 

Dyson,  S.  S.     Practical  Testing  of  Raw  Materials. 8vo,  *5  oo 

Dyson,  S.  S.,  and  Clarkson,  S.  S.     Chemical  Works 8vo,  *7  50 


D.  VAN   NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S   SHORT  TITLE  CATALOG        9 

Eccles,  R.  G.,  and  Duckwall,  E.  W.     Food  Preservatives 8vo,  paper  o  50 

Eddy,  H.  T.     Researches  in  Graphical  Statics 8vo,  i  50 

Maximum  Stresses  under  Concentrated  Loads 8vo,  i  50 

Edgcumbe,  K.     Industrial  Electrical  Measuring  Instruments 8vo,  *2  50 

Eissler,  M.     The  Metallurgy  of  Gold 8vo,  7  50 

-  The  Hydrometallurgy  of  Copper 8vo,  *4  50 

-  The  Metallurgy  of  Silver 8vo,  4  oo 

— -  The  Metallurgy  of  Argentiferous  Lead 8vo,  5  oo 

— —  Cyanide  Process  for  the  Extraction  of  Gold 8vo,  3  oo 

A  Handbook  on  Modern  Explosives 8vo,  5  oo 

Ekin,  T,  C-     Water  Pipe  and  Sewage  Discharge  Diagrams folio,  *3  oo 

Eliot,  C.  W.,  and  Storer,  F.  H.     Compendious  Manual  of  Qualitative 

Chemical  Analysis i2mo,  *i  25 

Elliot,  Major  G.  H.     European  Light-house  Systems 8vo,  5  oo 

Ennis,  Wm.  D.     Linseed  Oil  and  Other  Seed  Oils 8vo,  *4  oo 

Applied  Thermodynamics 8vo  *4  50 

Flying  Machines  To-day i2mo,  *i  50 

Vapors  for  Heat  Engines i2mo,  *i  oa 

Erfurt,  J.     Dyeing  of  Paper  Pulp.     Trans,  by  J.  Hubner 8vo,  *7  50 

Erskine-Murray,  J.     A  Handbook  of  Wireless  Telegraphy 8vo,  *3  50 

Evans,  C.  A.     Macadamized  Roads (In  Press.} 

Ewing,  A.  J.     Magnetic  Induction  in  Iron 8vo,  *4  oo 

Fairie,  J.     Notes  on  Lead  Ores i2mo,  *i  oo 

Notes  on  Pottery  Clays I2mo,  *i  50 

Fairley,  W.,  and  Andre,  Geo.  J.     Ventilation  of  Coal  Mines.     (Science 

Series  No.  58.) i6mo,  o  50 

Fairweather,  W.  C.     Foreign  and  Colonial  Patent  Laws 8vo,  *3  oo 

Fanning,  J.  T.     Hydraulic  and  Water-supply  Engineering 8vo,  *5  oo 

Fauth,  P.      The  Moon  in  Modern   Astronomy.     Trans,  by  J.  McCabe. 

8vo,  *2  oo 

Fay,  I.  W.     The  Coal-tar  Colors 8vo,  *4  oo 

Fernbach,  R.  L.     Glue  and  Gelatine 8vo,  *3  oo 

Chemical  Aspects  of  Silk  Manufacture i2mo,  *i  oo 

Fischer,  E.     The  Preparation  of  Organic  Compounds.     Trans,  by  R.  V. 

Stanford i2mo,  *i  25 

Fish,  J.  C.  L.     Lettering  of  Working  Drawings Oblong  8vo,  i  oo 

Fisher,  H.  K.  C.,  and  Darby,  W.  C.     Submarine  Cable  Testing 8vo,  *3  50 

Fiske,  Lieut.  B.  A.     Electricity  in  Theory  and  Practice 8vo,  2  50 

Fleischmann,  W.    The  Book  of  the  Dairy.  Trans,  by  C.  M.  Aikman.   8vo,  4  oo 
Fleming,  J.  A.     The  Alternate-current  Transformer.     Two  Volumes.    8vo. 

Vol.    I.     The  Induction  of  Electric  Currents *5  oo 

Vol.  II.     The  Utilization  of  Induced  Currents *5  oo 

Propagation  of  Electric  Currents 8vo,  *3  oo 

Centenary  of  the  Electrical  Current 8vo,  *o  50 

Electric  Lamps  and  Electric  Lighting 8vo,  *3  oo 

Electrical  Laboratory  Notes  and  Forms 4to,  *5  oo 

A  Handbook  for  the  Electrical  Laboratory  and  Testing  Room.     Two 

Volumes 8vo,  each,  *5  oo 

Fluery,  H.     The  Calculus  Without  Limits  or  Infinitesimals.     Trans,  by 
C.  0.  Mailloux % (In  Press.) 


10     D.   VAN  NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S  SHORT  TITLE   CATALOG 

riynn,  P.  J.     Flow  of  Water.     (Science  Series  No.  84.) i6mo,  o  50 

Hydraulic  Tables.     (Science  Series  No.  66.) i6mo,  o  50 

Foley,  N.     British  and  American  Customary  and  Metric  Measures . .  folio,  *3  oo 
Foster,  H.  A.     Electrical  Engineers'  Pocket-book.     (Sixth  Edition.) 

i2mo,  leather,  5  oo 

Engineering  Valuation  of  Public  Utilities  and  Factories 8vo,  *3  oo 

Foster,  Gen.  J.  G.     Submarine  Blasting  in  Boston  (Mass.)  Harbor. . .  .  4to,  3  50 

Fowle,  F.  F.     Overhead  Transmission  Line  Crossings i2mo,  *i  50 

The  Solution  of  Alternating  Current  Problems 8vo  (In  Press.) 

Fox,  W.  G.     Transition  Curves.     (Science  Series  No.  no.) i6mo,  o  50 

Fox,  W.,  and  Thomas,  C.  W.     Practical  Course  in  Mechanical  Draw- 
ing  i2mo,  i  25 

Foye,  J.  C.     Chemical  Problems.     (Science  Series  No.  69.) i6mo,  o  50 

Handbook  of  Mineralogy.     (Science  Series  No.  86.) i6mo,  o  50 

Francis,  J.  B.     Lowell  Hydraulic  Experiments 4to,  15  oo 

Freudemacher,    P.    W.     Electrical    Mining    Installations.     (Installation 

Manuals  Series  ) izmo,  *i  oo 

Frith,  J.    Alternating  Current  Design 8vo,  *2  oo 

Fritsch,  J.     Manufacture  of  Chemical  Manures.    Trans,  by  D.  Grant. 

8vo,  *4  oo 

Frye,  A.  I.     Civil  Engineers'  Pocket-book i2mo,  leather, 

Fuller,  G.  W.      Investigations  into  the  Purification  of  the   Ohio  River. 

4to.  *io  oo 

Furnell,  J.     Paints,  Colors,  Oils,  and  Varnishes 8vo,  *i  oo 

Gairdner,  J.  W.  I.    Earthwork , 8vo,   (In  Press.) 

Gant,  L.  W.     Elements  of  Electric  Traction 8vo,  *2  50 

Garforth,  W.  E.     Rules  for  Recovering  Coal  Mines  after  Explosions  and 

Fires i2mo,  leather,  i  50 

Gaudard,  J.     Foundations.     (Science  Series  No.  34.) i6mo,  o  50 

Gear,  H.  B.,  and  Williams,  P.  F.     Electric  Central  Station  Distribution 

Systems 8vo,  *3  oo 

Geerligs,  H.  C.  P.     Cane  Sugar  and  Its  Manufacture 8vo,  *5  oo 

Geikie,  J.     Structural  and  Field  Geology 8vo,  *4  oo 

Gerber,  N.    Analysis  of  Milk,  Condensed  Milk,  and  Infants' Milk-Food.    8vo,  i   25 
Gerhard,  W.  P.     Sanitation,  Watersupply  and  Sewage  Disposal  of  Country 

Houses i2mo,  *2  oo 

Gas  Lighting.     (Science  Series  No.  in.) i6mo,  o  50 

Household  Wastes.     (Science  Series  No.  97.) i6mo,  o  50 

—  House  Drainage.     (Science  Series  No.  63.) i6mo,  o  50 

—  Sanitary  Drainage  of  Buildings.     (Science  Series  No.  93.) i6mo,  o  50 

Gerhardi,  C.  W.  H.     Electricity  Meters 8vo,  *4  oo 

Geschwind,   L.     Manufacture    of   Alum  and   Sulphates.     Trans,    by   C. 

Salter 8vo,  *5  oo 

Gibbs,  W.  E.     Lighting  by  Acetylene i2mo,  *i  50 

Physics  of  Solids  and  Fluids.     (Carnegie  Technical  School's  Text- 
books.)   *i  50 

Gibson,  A.  H.     Hydraulics  and  Its  Application 8vo,  *s  oo 

Water  Hammer  in  Hydraulic  Pipe  Lines I2mo,  *2  oo 

Gilbreth,  F.  B.     Motion  Study i2mo,  *2  oo 

Primer  of  Scientific  Management i2mo,  *i  oo 


D.  VAN   NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S   SHORT  TITLE   CATALOG      11 

Gillmore,  Gen.  Q.  A.     Limes,  Hydraulic  Cements  ard  Mortars 8vo,  4  oo 

Roads,  Streets,  and  Pavements i2mo,  2  oo 

Golding,  H.  A.     The  Theta-Phi  Diagram i2mo,  *i  25 

Goldschmidt,  R.     Alternating  Current  Commutator  Motor 8vo,  *3  oo 

Goodchild,  W.     Precious  Stones.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Goodeve,  T.  M.     Textbook  on  the  Steam-engine i2mo,  2  oo 

Gore,  G.     Electrolytic  Separation  of  Metals 8vo,  *3  50 

Gould,  E.  S.     Arithmetic  of  the  Steam-engine i2mo,  i  oo 

Calculus.     (Science  Series  No.  112.) i6mo,  o  50 

High  Masonry  Dams.     (Science  Series  No.  22.) i6mo,  o  50 

Practical  Hydrostatics  and  Hydrostatic  Formulas.     (Science  Series 

No.  117.) i6mo,  o  50 

Grant,  J.     Brewing  and  Distilling.     (Westminster  Series.)  8vo  (In  Press.) 

Gratacap,  L.  P.     A  Popular  Guide  to  Minerals 8vo  (In  Press.} 

Gray,  J.     Electrical  Influence  Machines i2mo,  2  oo 

—  Marine   Boiler   Design i2mo,    (In  Press.) 

Greenhill,  G.     Dynamics  of  Mechanical  Flight 8vo,  (In  Press.) 

Greenwood,  E.     Classified  Guide  to  Technical  and  Commercial  Books.  8vo,  *3  oo 

Gregorius,  R.     Mineral  Waxes.     Trans,  by  C.  Salter i2mo,  *3  oo 

Griffiths,  A.  B.     A  Treatise  on  Manures i2mo,  3  oo 

—  Dental  Metallurgy 8vo,  *3  50 

Gross,  E.     Hops 8vo,  *4  50 

Grossman,  J.     Ammonia  and  Its  Compounds i2mo,  *i  25 

Groth,  L.  A.     Welding  and  Cutting  Metals  by  Gases  or  Electricity ....  8vo,  *3  oo 

Grover,  F.     Modern  Gas  and  Oil  Engines 8vo,  *2  oo 

Gruner,  A.     Power-loom  Weaving 8vo,  *3  oo 

Giildner,  Hugo.     Internal  Combustion  Engines.     Trans,  by  H.  Diederichs. 

4to,  *io  oo 

Gunther,  C.  0.     Integration i2mo,  *i  25 

Gurden,  R.  L.     Traverse  Tables folio,  half  morocco,  *7  50 

Guy,  A.  E.     Experiments  on  the  Flexure  of  Beams 8vo,  *i  25 

Haeder,    H.      Handbook   on    the    Steam-engine.      Trans,  by  H.  H.  P. 

Powles i2mo,  3  oo 

Hainbach,  R.     Pottery  Decoration.     Trans,  by  C.  Slater i2mo,  *3  oo 

Haenig,  A.     Emery  and  Emery  Industry 8vo,  (In  Press.) 

Hale,  W.  J.     Calculations  of  General  Chemistry i2mo,  *i  oo 

Hall,  C.  H.     Chemistry  of  Paints  and  Paint  Vehicles i2mo,  *2  oo 

Hall,  R.  H.     Governors  and  Governing  Mechanism I2mo,  *2  oo 

Hall,  W.  S.     Elements  of  the  Differential  and  Integral  Calculus 8vo,  *2  25 

—  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo  volume  and  a  4to  atlas,  *3  50 

Haller,  G.  F.,  and  Cunningham,  E.  T.     The  Tesla  Coil i2mo,  *i  25 

Halsey,  F.  A.     Slide  Valve  Gears I2mo,  i  50 

-  The  Use  of  the  Slide  Rule.     (Science  Series  No.  114.) i6mo,  o  50 

-  Worm  and  Spiral  Gearing.     (Science  Series  No.  116.)        i6mo,  o  50 

Hamilton,  W.  G.     Useful  Information  for  Railway  Men i6mo,  i  oo 

Hammer,  W.  J.     Radium  and  Other  Radio-active  Substances 8vo,  *i  oo 

Hancock,  H.     Textbook  of  Mechanics  and  Hydrostatics 8vo,  i  50 

Hardy,  E.     Elementary  Principles  of  Graphic  Statics I2mo,  *i  50 

Harrison,  W.  B.     The  Mechanics'  Tool-book I2mo,  i  50 

Hart,  J.  W.     External  Plumbing  Work 8vo,  *3  oo 


12     D.  VAN   NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT  TITLE  CATALOG 

Hart,  J.  W.  Hints  to  Plumbers  on  Joint  Wiping 8vo,  *3  oo 

Principles  of  Hot  Water  Supply 8vo,  *3  oo 

Sanitary  Plumbing  and  Drainage 8vo,  *3  oo 

Haskins,  C.  H.  The  Galvanometer  and  Its  Uses i6mo,  i  50 

Hatt,  J.  A.  H.  The  Colorist square  i2mo,  *i  50 

Hausbrand,  E.  Drying  by  Means  of  Air  and  Steam.  Trans,  by  A.  C. 

Wright i2mo,  *2  oo 

Evaporating,  Condensing  and  Cooling  Apparatus.  Trans,  by  A.  C. 

Wright 8vo,  *5  oo 

Hausner,  A.  Manufacture  of  Preserved  Foods  and  Sweetmeats.  Trans. 

by  A.  Morris  and  H.  Robson 8vo,  *3  oo 

Hawke,  W.  H.  Premier  Cipher  Telegraphic  Code 4to,  *5  oo 

—  100,000  Words  Supplement  to  the  Premier  Code 4to,  *5  oo 

Hawkesworth,  J.     Graphical  Handbook  for  Reinforced  Concrete  Design. 

4to,  *2  50 

Hay,  A.     Alternating  Currents 8vo,  *2  50 

—  Electrical  Distributing  Networks  and  Distributing  Lines 8vo,  *3  50 

Continuous  Current  Engineering 8vo,  *2  50 

Heap,  Major  D.  P.     Electrical  Appliances 8vo,  2  oo 

Heaviside,  0.     Electromagnetic  Theory.     Two  Volumes 8vo,  each,  *5  oo 

Heck,  R.  C.  H.     The  Steam  Engine  and  Turbine 8vo,  *5  oo 

Steam-Engine  and  Other  Steam  Motors.     Two  Volumes. 

Vol.    I.     Thermodynamics  and  the  Mechanics 8vo,  *3  50 

Vol.  II.     Form,  Construction,  and  Working 8vo,  *5  oo 

Notes  on  Elementary  Kinematics 8vo,  boards,  *i  oo 

Graphics  of  Machine  Forces 8vo,  boards,  *i  oo 

Hedges,  K.     Modern  Lightning  Conductors 8vo,  3  oo 

Heermann,  P.     Dyers'  Materials.     Trans,  by  A.  C.  Wright i2mo,  *2  50 

Hellot,  Macquer  and  D'Apligny.     Art  of  Dyeing  Wool,  Silk  and  Cotton. 

8vo,  *2  oo 

Henrici,  0.     Skeleton  Structures 8vo,  i  50 

Bering,  D.  W.     Essentials  of  Physics  for  College  Students 8vo,  *i  60 

Hering-Shaw,  A.     Domestic  Sanitation  and  Plumbing.     Two  Vols. .  .  8vo,  *5  oo 

Elementary  Science 8vo,  *2  oo 

Herrmann,  G.     The  Graphical  Statics  of  Mechanism.     Trans,  by  A.  P. 

Smith i2mo,  2  oo 

Herzfeld,  J.     Testing  of  Yarns  and  Textile  Fabrics 8vo,  *3  50 

Hildebrandt,  A.     Airships,  Past  and  Present 8vo,  *3  50 

Hildenbrand,  B.  W.     Cable-Making.     (Science  Series  No.  32.) i6mo,  o  50 

Hilditch,  T.  P.     A  Concise  History  of  Chemistry i2mo,  *i  25 

Hill,  J.  W.     The  Purification  of  Public  Water  Supplies.     New  Edition. 

(In  Press.) 

—  Interpretation  of  Water  Analysis (In  Press.) 

Hiroi,  I.     Plate  Girder  Construction.     (Science  Series  No.  95.) i6mo,  050 

-  Statically-Indeterminate  Stresses i2mo,  *2  oo 

Hirshfeld,  C.  F.     Engineering  Thermodynamics.     (Science  Series  No.  45.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Hobart,  H.  M.     Heavy  Electrical  Engineering 8vo,  *4  50 

Design  of  Static  Transformers i2mo,  *2  oo 

Electricity 8vo,  *2  oo 

Electric  Trains  ..                                 8vo,  *2  50 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT  TITLE  CATALOG      13 

Hobart,  H.  M.    Electric  Propulsion  of  Ships 8vo,  *2  oo 

Hobart,   J.   F.    Hard   Soldering,   Soft   Soldering   and   Brazing. i2mo, 

(In  Press.) 

Hobbs,  W.  R.  P.     The  Arithmetic  of  Electrical  Measurements i2mo,  o  50 

Hoff,  J.  N.     Paint  and  Varnish  Facts  and  Formulas i2mo,  *i  50 

Hoff,  Com.  W.  B.     The  Avoidance  of  Collisions  at  Sea.  .  .  i6mo,  morocco,  o  75 

Hole,  W.     The  Distribution  of  Gas 8vo,  *7  50 

Holley,  A.  L.     Railway  Practice folio,  12  oo 

Holmes,  A.  B.     The  Electric  Light  Popularly  Explained  ....  i2mo,  paper,  o  50 

Hopkins,  N.  M.     Experimental  Electrochemistry 8vo,  *3  oo 

Model  Engines  and  Small  Boats i2mo,  i  25 

Hopkinson,  J.     Shoolbred,  J.  N.,  and  Day,  R.  E.     Dynamic  Electricity. 

(Science  Series  No.  71.) i6mo,  o  50 

Homer,  J.     Engineers'  Turning 8vo,  *3  50 

Metal  Turning I2mo,  i  50 

Toothed  Gearing i2mo,  2  25 

Houghton,  C.  E.     The  Elements  of  Mechanics  of  Materials i2mo,  *2  oo 

Houllevigue,  L.    The  Evolution  of  the  Sciences 8vo,  *2  oo 

Howe,  G.     Mathematics  for  the  Practical  Man i2mo,  *i  25 

Howorth,  J.     Repairing  and  Riveting  Glass,  China  and  Earthenware. 

8vo,  paper,  *o  50 

Hubbard,  E.     The  Utilization  of  Wood- waste 8vo,  *2  50 

Hiibner,  J.    Bleaching  and  Dyeing  of  Vegetable  and  Fibrous  Materials 

(Outlines  of  Industrial  Chemistry) 8vo,  (In  Press.) 

Hudson,  O.  F.     Iron  and  Steel.     (Outlines  of  Industrial  Chemistry.) 

8vo,  (In  Press.) 

Humper,  W.     Calculation  of  Strains  in  Girders i2mo,  2  50 

Humphreys,  A.  C.     The  Business  Features  of  Engineering  Practice .  8vo,  *i  25 

Hunter,  A.     Bridge  Work 8vo,  (In  Press.) 

Hurst,  G.  H.     Handbook  of  the  Theory  of  Color 8vo,  *2  50 

—  Dictionary  of  Chemicals  and  Raw  Products 8vo,  *3  oo 

Lubricating  Oils,  Fats  and  Greases 8vo,  *4  oo 

Soaps 8vo,  *5  oo 

-  Textile  Soaps  and  Oils 8vo,  *2  50 

Hurst,  H.  E.,  and  Lattey,  R.  T.     Text-book  of  Physics 8vo,  *3  oo 

Hutchinson,  R.  W.,  Jr.     Long  Distance  Electric  Power  Transmission. 

i2mo,  *3  oo 

Hutchinson,  R.  W.,  Jr.,  and  Ihlseng,  M.  C.     Electricity  in  Mining.  .  i2mo, 

(In  Press) 

Hutchinson,  W.  B.     Patents  and  How  to  Make  Money  Out  of  Them.  i2mo,  i  25 

Hutton,  W.  S.     Steam-boiler  Construction 8vo,  6  oo 

—  Practical  Engineer's  Handbook 8vo,  7  oo 

-  The  Works'  Manager's  Handbook 8vo,  6  oo 

Hyde,  E.  W.     Skew  Arches.     (Science  Series  No.  15.) i6mo,  o  50 

Induction  Coils.     (Science  Series  No.  53.) i6mo,  o  50 

Ingle,  H.     Manual  of  Agricultural  Chemistry 8vo,  *3  oo 

Innes,  C.  H.     Problems  in  Machine  Design i2mo,  *2  oo 

Air  Compressors  and  Blowing  Engines i2mo,  *2  oo 

Centrifugal  Pumps i2mo,  *2  oo 

The  Fan i2mo,  *2  oo 


14      D.  VAN   NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S  SHORT  TITLE   CATALOG 

Isherwood,  B.  F.     Engineering  Precedents  for  Steam  Machinery 8vo,  2  50 

Ivatts,  E.  B.     Railway  Management  at  Stations 8vo,  *2  50 

Jacob,   A.,  and  Gould,  E.   S.     On  the  Designing  and  Construction  of 

Storage  Reservoirs.     (Science  Series  No.  6.) i6mo,  o  50 

Jamieson,  A.     Text  Book  on  Steam  and  Steam  Engines 8vo,  3  oo 

Elementary  Manual  on  Steam  and  the  Steam  Engine i2mo,  i  50 

Jannettaz,  E.     Guide  to  the  Determination  of  Rocks.     Trans,  by  G.  W. 

Plympton I2mo,  i  50 

Jehl,  F.     Manufacture  of  Carbons 8vo,  *4  oo 

Jennings,  A.  S.     Commercial  Paints  and  Painting.     (Westminster  Series.) 

8vo  (In  Press.} 

Jennison,  F.  H.     The  Manufacture  of  Lake  Pigments 8vo,  *3  oo 

Jepson,  G.     Cams  and  the  Principles  of  their  Construction 8vo,  *i   50 

Mechanical  Drawing 8vo  (In  Preparation.} 

Jockin,  W.     Arithmetic  of  the  Gold  and  Silversmith i2mo,  *i  oo 

Johnson,  G.  L.     Photographic  Optics  and  Color  Photography 8vo,  *3  oo 

Johnson,  J.  H.       Arc   Lamps  and  Accessory  Apparatus.     (Installation 

Manuals  Series.) i2mo,  *o  75 

Johnson,    T.    M.      Ship    Wiring    and    Fitting.       (Installation    Manuals 

Series) i2mo,  *o  75 

Johnson,  W.  H.     The  Cultivation  and  Preparation  of  Para  Rubber. .  .8vo,  *3  oo 

Johnson,  W.  McA.     The  Metallurgy  of  Nickel (In  Preparation.} 

Johnston,  J.  F.  W.,  and  Cameron,  C.     Elements  of  Agricultural  Chemistry 

and  Geology I2mo,  2  60 

Joly,  J.     Raidoactivity  and  Geology i2mo,  *3  oo 

Jones,  H.  C.     Electrical  Nature  of  Matter  and  Radioactivity i2mo,  *2  oo 

Jones,  M.  W.     Testing  Raw  Materials  Used  in  Paint I2mo,  *2  oo 

Jones,  L.,  and  Scard,  F.  I.     Manufacture  of  Cane  Sugar 8vo,  *5  oo 

Jordan,  L.  C.    Practical  Railway  Spiral i2mo,  Leather,  (In  Press.} 

Joynson,  F.  H.     Designing  and  Construction  of  Machine  Gearing. .  .  .8vo,  2  oo 

Jiiptner,  H.  F.  V.     Siderology:  The  Science  of  Iron 8vo,  *5  oo 

Kansas  City  Bridge 4to,  6  oo 

Kapp,  G.     Alternate  Current  Machinery.     (Science  Series  No.  96.) .  i6mo,  o  50 

Electric  Transmission  of  Energy i2mo,  3  50 

Keim,  A.  W.     Prevention  of  Dampness  in  Buildings 8vo,  *2  oo 

Keller,  S.  S.     Mathematics  for  Engineering  Students.     i2mo,  half  leather. 

Algebra  and  Trigonometry,  with  a  Chapter  on  Vectors *i  75 

Special  Algebra  Edition *i  oo 

Plane  and  Solid  Geometry *i   25 

Analytical  Geometry  and  Calculus *2  oo 

Kelsey,  W.  R.     Continuous-current  Dynamos  and  Motors 8vo,  *2  50 

Kemble,  W.  T.,  and  Underbill,  C.  R.     The  Periodic  Law  and  the  Hydrogen 

Spectrum 8vo,  paper,  *o  50 

Kemp,  J.  F.     Handbook  of  Rocks 8vo,  *i  50 

Kendall,  E.    Twelve  Figure  Cipher  Code 4*0,  *i2  50 

Kennedy,  A.  B.  W.,  and  Thurston,  R.  H.     Kinematics  of  Machinery. 

(Science  Series  No.  54.) i6mo,  o  50 

Kennedy,  A.  B.  W.,  Unwin,  W.  C.,  and  Idell,  F.  E.     Compressed  Air. 

(Science  Series  No.  106.) i6mo,  o  50 


D.   VAN   NUSTRAND   COMPANY'S   SHORT  TITLE   CATALOG      15 

Kennedy,  R.     Modern  Engines  and  Power  Generators.     Six  Volumes.    4to,  1500 

Single  Volumes each,  3  oo 

—  Electrical  Installations.     Five  Volumes 4to,  15  oo 

Single  Volumes each,  3  50 

Flying  Machines;  Practice  and  Design i2mo,  *2  oo 

Principles  of  Aeroplane  Construction 8vo,  *i  50 

Kennelly,  A.  E.     Electro-dynamic  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Kent,  W.     Strength  of  Materials.     (Science  Series  No.  41.) i6mo,  o  50 

Kershaw,  J.  B.  C.     Fuel,  Water  and  Gas  Analysis 8vo,  *2  50 

—  Electrometallurgy.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

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Kinzbrunner,  C.     Alternate  Current  Windings 8vo,  *i  50 

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Kirkaldy,  W.  G.     David  Kirkaldy's  System  of  Mechanical  Testing 4to,  10  oo 

Kirkbride,  J.     Engraving  for  Illustration 8vo,  *i  50 

Kirkwood,  J.  P.     Filtration  of  River  Waters 4to,  7  50 

Klein,  J.  F.     Design  of  a  High-speed  Steam-engine 8vo,  *5  oo 

—  Physical  Significance  of  Entropy 8vo,  *i  50 

Kleinhans,  F.  B.     Boiler  Construction 8vo,  3  oo 

Knight,  R.-Adin.  A.  M.     Modern  Seamanship 8vo,  *7  50 

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Knox,  W.  F.     Logarithm  Tables (In  Preparation.) 

Knott,  C.  G.,  and  Mackay,  J.  S.     Practical  Mathematics 8vo,  2  oo 

Koester,  F.     Steam-Electric  Power  Plants 4to,  *5  oo 

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Koller,  T.     The  Utilization  of  Waste  Products 8vo,  *3  50 

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Krischke,  A.     Gas  and  Oil  Engines i2mo,  *i  25 

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Lamborn,  L.  L.     Cottonseed  Products 8vo,  *3  oo 

Modern  Soaps,  Candles,  and  Glycerin 8vo,  *y  50 

Lamprecht,  R.     Recovery  Work  After  Pit  Fires.     Trans,  by  C.  Salter .  .  8vo,  *4  oo 
Lanchester,  F.  W.     Aerial  Flight.     Two  Volumes.     8vo. 

Vol.    I.     Aerodynamics *6  oo 

Aerial  Flight.     Vol.  II.     Aerodonetics . *6  oo 

Lamer,  E.  T.     Principles  of  Alternating  Currents i2mo,  *i  25 

Larrabee,  C.  S.     Cipher  and  Secret  Letter  and  Telegraphic  Code i6mo,  o  60 

La  Rue,  B.  F.     Swing  Bridges.     (Science  Series  No.  107.) i6mo,  o  50 

Lassar-Cohn,  Dr.     Modern  Scientific  Chemistry.     Trans,  by  M.  M.  Patti- 

son  Muir i2mo,  *2  oo 

Latimer,  L.  H.,  Field,  C.  J.,  and  Howell,  J.  W.     Incandescent  Electric 

Lighting.     (Science  Series  No.  57.) i6mo,  o  50 

Latta,  M.  N.     Handbook  of  American  Gas-Engineering  Practice 8vo,  *4  50 

American  Producer  Gas  Practice 4to,  *6  oo 

Leask,  A.  R.     Breakdowns  at  Sea i2mo,  2  oo 

Refrigerating  Machinery I2mo,  2  oo 

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16      D.  VAN   NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S  SHORT  TITLE   CATALOG 

Le  Doux,  M.     Ice-Making  Machines.     (Science  Series  No.  46.) ....  i6mo,       o  50 

Leeds,  C.  C.     Mechanical  Drawing  foi  Trade  Schools oblong  4to, 

High  School  Edition *i  25 

Machinery  Trades  Edition *2  oo 

Lefe*vre,  L.     Architectural  Pottery.      Trans,  by  H.  K.  Bird  and  W.  M. 

Binns 4to,     *7  50 

Lehner,  S.     Ink  Manufacture.     Trans,  by  A.  Morris  and  H.  Robson  . .  8vo,     *2  50 

Lemstrom,  S.     Electricity  in  Agriculture  and  Horticulture 8vo,     *i  50 

Le  Van,  W.  B.     Steam-Engine  Indicator.     (Science  Series  No.  78.) .  i6mo,      o  50 

Lewes,  V.  B.     Liquid  and  Gaseous  Fuels.     (Westminster  Series.).  ..  .8vo,     *2  oo 

Lewis,  L.  P.    Railway  Signal  Engineering 8vo,     *3  50 

Lieber,  B.  F.     Lieber's  Standard  Telegraphic  Code 8vo,  *io  oo 

Code.     German  Edition 8vo,  *io  oo 

—  Spanish  Edition 8vo,  *io  oo 

French  Edition 8vo,  *io  oo 

Terminal  Index 8vo,     *2  50 

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Handy  Tables 4to,     *2  50 

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Tables 8vo,  *is  oo 

100,000,000  Combination  Code 8vo,  *io  oo 

Engineering  Code 8vo,  *i2  50 

Livermore,  V.  P.,  and  Williams,  J.     How  to  Become  a  Competent  Motor- 
man I2mo,  *i  oo 

Livingstone,  R.     Design  and  Construction  of  Commutators 8vo,  *2  25 

Lobben,  P.     Machinists'  and  Draftsmen's  Handbook         8vo,  2  50 

Locke,  A.  G.  and  C.  G.     Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  Acid 8vo,  10  oo 

Lockwood,  T.  D.     Electricity,  Magnetism,  and  Electro-telegraph  ....  8vo,  2  50 

Electrical  Measurement  and  the  Galvanometer i2mo,  o  75 

Lodge,  0.  J.     Elementary  Mechanics i2mo,  i  50 

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Loewenstein,  L.  C.,  and  Crissey,  C.  P.     Centrifugal  Pumps *4  50 

Lord,  R.  T.     Decorative  and  Fancy  Fabrics 8vo,  *3  50 

Loring,  A.  E.     A  Handbook  of  the  Electromagnetic  Telegraph i6mo,  o  50 

Handbook.     (Science  Series  No.  39.) i6mo,  o  50 

Low,  D.  A.    Applied  Mechanics  (Elementary) i6mo,  o  80 

Lubschez,  B   J.    Perspective (In  Press.) 

Lucke,  C.  E.*    Gas  Engine  Design 8vo,  *3  oo 

• Power  Plants:  Design,  Efficiency,  and  Power  Costs.  2  vols.   (In  Preparation.) 

Lunge,  G.     Coal-tar  and  Ammonia.     Two  Volumes 8vo,  *is  oo 

Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  Acid  and  Alkali.     Four  Volumes 8vo, 

Vol.     I.     Sulphuric  Acid.     In  two  parts *i5  oo 

Vol.    II.     Salt  Cake,  Hydrochloric  Acid  and  Leblanc  Soda.  In  two  parts  *is  oo 

Vol.  III.     Ammonia  Soda *io  oo 

Vol.  IV.   Electrolytic  Methods (In  Press.) 

Technical  Chemists'  Handbook i2mo,  leather,     *3  50 

Technical  Methods  of  Chemical  Analysis.     Trans,  by  C.  A.  Keane. 

in  collaboration  with  the  corps  of  specialists. 

Vol.   I.     In  two  parts 8vo,  *i$  oo 

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Vol.  IH (In  Preparation.) 


D.   VAN  NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S   SHORT  TITLE  CATALOG      17 

Lupton,  A.,  Parr,  G.  D.  A.,  and  Perkin,  H.     Electricity  as  Applied  to 

Mining 8vo,  *4  50 

Luquer,  L.  M.     Minerals  in  Rock  Sections 8vo,  *i  50 

Macewen,  H.  A.     Food  Inspection 8vo,  *2  50 

Mackenzie,  N.  F.     Notes  on  Irrigation  Works 8vo,  *2  50 

Mackie,  J.     How  to  Make  a  Woolen  Mill  Pay 8vo,  *2  oo 

Mackrow,  C.     Naval  Architect's  and  Shipbuilder's  Pocket-book. 

i6mo,  leather,  5  oo 

Maguire,  Wm.  R.     Domestic  Sanitary  Drainage  and  Plumbing 8vo,  4  oo 

Mallet,  A.     Compound  Engines.     Trans,  by  R.  R.  Buel.     (Science  Series 

No.  10.) i6mo, 

Mansfield,  A.  N.     Electro-magnets.     (Science  Series  No.  64.) i6mo,  o  50 

Marks,  E.  C.  R.     Construction  of  Cranes  and  Lifting  Machinery.  .  .  .  i2mo,  *i  50 

—  Construction  and  Working  of  Pumps i2mo,  *i  50 

Manufacture  of  Iron  and  Steel  Tubes i2mo,  *2  oo 

—  Mechanical  Engineering  Materials i2mo,  *i  oo 

Marks,  G.  C.     Hydraulic  Power  Engineering 8vo,  3  50 

—  Inventions,  Patents  and  Designs i2mo,  *i  oo 

Marlow,  T.  G.     Drying  Machinery  and  Practice 8vo,  *5  oo 

Marsh,  C.  F.     Concise  Treatise  on  Reinforced  Concrete 8vo,  *2  50 

—  Reinforced  Concrete  Compression  Member  Diagram.     Mounted  on 

Cloth  Boards *i  50 

Marsh,  C.  F.,  and  Dunn,  W.     Reinforced  Concrete 4to,  *5  oo 

Marsh,  C.  F.,  and  Dunn,  W.      Manual  of  Reinforced  Concrete  and  Con- 
crete Block  Construction i6mo,  morocco,  *2  50 

Marshall,  W.  J.,  and  Sankey,  H.  R.     Gas  Engines.     (Westminster  Series.) 

8vo,  *2  oo 

Martin.  G,     Triumphs  and  Wonders  of  Modern  Chemistry 8vo,  *2  oo 

Martin,   N.     Properties  and  Design  of  Reinforced  Concrete. 

(In  Press.) 
Massie,  W.  W.,  and  Underbill,  C.  R.     Wireless  Telegraphy  and  Telephony. 

i2mo,  *i  oo 
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i2mo,  leather,  i  50 

Mathot,  R.  E.     Internal  Combustion  Engines 8vo,  *6  oo 

Maurice,  W.     Electric  Blasting  Apparatus  and  Explosives 8vo,  *3  50 

—  Shot  Firer's  Guide 8vo,  *i  50 

Maxwell,  J.  C.     Matter  and  Motion.     (Science  Series  No.  36.) i6mo,  o  50 

Maxwell,  W.  H.,  and  Brown,  J.  T.     Encyclopedia  of  Municipal  and  Sani- 
tary Engineering 4to,  *io  oo 

Mayer,  A.  M.     Lecture  Notes  on  Physics 8vo,  2  oo 

McCullough,  R.  S.     Mechanical  Theory  of  Heat 8vo,  '    3  50 

Mclntosh,  J.  G.     Technology  of  Sugar 8vo,  *4  50 

Industrial  Alcohol 8vo,  *3  oo 

Manufacture  of  Varnishes  and  Kindred  Industries.     Three  Volumes. 

8vo. 

Vol.     I.     Oil  Crushing,  Refining  and  Boiling *3  50 

Vol.    II.     Varnish  Materials  and  Oil  Varnish  Making •    *4  oo 

Vol.  HI.    Spirit  Varnishes  and  Materials *4  5<> 

McKnight,  J.  D.,  and  Brown,  A.  W.     Marine  Multitubular  Boilers *i  50 


18      D.  VAN   NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S   SHORT  TITLE   CATALOG 

McMaster,  J.  B.     Bridge  and  Tunnel  Centres.     (Science  Series  No.  20.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

McMechen,  F.  L.      Tests  for  Ores,  Minerals  and  Metals i2mo,  *i  oo 

McNeill,  B.     McNeill's  Code 8vo,  *6  oo 

McPherson,  J.  A.     Water- works  Distribution 8vo,  2  50 

Melick,  C.  W.     Dairy  Laboratory  Guide i2mo,  *i  25 

Merck,  E.     Chemical  Reagents;  Their  Purity  and  Tests 8vo,  *i  50 

Merritt,  Wm.  H.     Field  Testing  for  Gold  and  Silver i6mo,  leather,  i  50 

Messer,  W.  A.     Railway  Permanent  Way 8vo,  (In  Press.) 

Meyer,  J.  G.  A.,  and  Pecker,  C.  G.     Mechanical  Drawing  and  Machine 

Design 410,  5  oo 

Michell,  S.     Mine  Drainage 8vo,  10  oo 

Mierzinski,  S.     Waterproofing  of  Fabrics.     Trans,  by  A.  Morris  and  H. 

Robson 8vo,  *2  50 

Miller,  E.  H.     Quantitative  Analysis  for  Mining  Engineers 8vo,  *i  50 

Miller,  G.  A.     Determinants.     (Science  Series  No.  105.) i6mo, 

Milroy,  M.  E.  W.     Home  Lace-making i2mo,  *i  oo 

Minifie,  W.     Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  *4  oo 

Mitchell,  C.  A.,  and  Prideaux,  R.  M.     Fibres  Used  in  Textile  and  Allied 

Industries 8vo,  *3  oo 

Modern  Meteorology i2mo,  i  50 

Monckton,  C.  C.  F.     Radiotelegraphy.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Monteverde,  R.  D.     Vest  Pocket  Glossary  of  English-Spanish,  Spanish- 
English  Technical  Terms 64010,  leather,  *i  oo 

Moore,  E.  C.  S.     New  Tables  for  the  Complete  Solution  of  Ganguillet  and 

Kutter's  Formula 8vo,  *5  oo 

Morecroft,  J.  H.,  and  Hehre,  F.  W.     Short  Course  in  Electrical  Testing. 

8vo,  *i  50 

Moreing,  C.  A.,  and  Neal,  T.    New  General  and  Mining  Telegraph  Code,  8vo,  *5  oo 

Morgan,  A.  P.     Wireless  Telegraph  Apparatus  for  Amateurs i2mo,  *i  50 

Moses,  A.  J.     The  Characters  of  Crystals 8vo,  *2  oo 

Moses,  A.  J.,  and  Parsons,  C.  L.     Elements  of  Mineralogy 8vo,  *2  50 

Moss,  S.  A.  Elements  of  Gas  Engine  Design.  (Science  Series  No.i2i.)i6mo,  o  50 

The  Lay-out  of  Corliss  Valve  Gears.   (Science  Series  No.  119.).  i6mo,  o  50 

Mulford,  A.  C.    Boundaries  and  Landmarks (In  Press.) 

Mullin,  J.  P.     Modern  Moulding  and  Pattern- making i2mo,  2  50 

Munby,  A.  E.     Chemistry  and  Physics  of  Building  Materials.     (Westmin- 
ster Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Murphy,  J.  G.     Practical  Mining i6mo,  i  oo 

Murray,  J.  A.     Soils  and  Manures.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Naquet,  A.     Legal  Chemistry i2mo,  2  oo 

Nasmith,  J.     The  Student's  Cotton  Spinning 8vo,  3  oo 

Recent  Cotton  Mill  Construction i2mo,  2  oo 

Neave,  G.  B.,  and  Heilbron,  I.  M.     Identification  of  Organic  Compounds. 

I2mo,  *i  25 

Neilson,  R.  M.     Aeroplane  Patents 8vo,  *2  oo 

Nerz,  F.     Searchlights.     Trans,  by  C.  Rodgers 8vo,  *3  oo 

Nesbit,  A.  F.     Electricity  and  Magnetism (In  Preparation.) 

Neuberger,  H.,  and  Noalhat,  H.     Technology  of  Petroleum.     Trans,  by  J. 

G.  Mclntosh 8vo,  *io  "oo 


D.   VAN   NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S   SHORT  TITLE    CATALOG      19 

Newall,  J.  W.     Drawing,  Sizing  and  Cutting  Bevel-gears 8vo,  i  50 

Nicol,  G.     Ship  Construction  and  Calculations 8vo,  *4  50 

Nipher,  F.  E.     Theory  of  Magnetic  Measurements i2mo,  i  oo 

Nisbet,  H.     Grammar  of  Textile  Design 8vo,  *3  oo 

Nolan,  H.     The  Telescope.     (Science  Series  No.  51.) i6mo,  o  50 

Noll,  A.     How  to  Wire  Buildings i2mo,  i  50 

North,  H.  B.    Laboratory  Notes  of  Experiments  and  General  Chemistry. 

(In  Press.) 

Nugent,  E.     Treatise  on  Optics i2mo,  i  50 

O'Connor,  H.     The  Gas  Engineer's  Pocketbook i2mo,  leather,  3  50 

—  Petrol  Air  Gas i2mo,  *o  75 

Ohm,  G.  S.,  and  Lockwood,  T.  D.     Galvanic  Circuit.     Translated  by 

William  Francis.  (Science  Series  No.  102.) i6mo,  o  50 

Olsen,  J.  C.  Text-book  of  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis 8vo,  *4  oo 

Olsson,  A.  Motor  Control,  in  Turret  Turning  and  Gun  Elevating.  (U.  S. 

Navy  Electrical  Series,  No.  i.) i2mo,  paper,  *o  50 

Oudin,  M.  A.  Standard  Polyphase  Apparatus  and  Systems 8vo,  *3  oo 

Pakes,  W.  C.  C.,  and  Nankivell,  A.  T.     The  Science  of  Hygiene.  -8vo,  *i  75 

Palaz,  A.     Industrial  Photometry.     Trans,  by  G.  W.  Patterson,  Jr. .  .  8vo,  *4  oo 

Pamely,  C.     Colliery  Manager's  Handbook 8vo,  *io  oo 

Parr,  G.  D.  A.     Electrical  Engineering  Measuring  Instruments 8vo,  *3  50 

Parry,  E.  J.     Chemistry  of  Essential  Oils  and  Artificial  Perfumes.  .  .  .8vo,  *5  oo 

Foods  and  Drugs.     Two  Volumes 8vo, 

Vol.    I.     Chemical  and  Microscopical  Analysis  of  Foods  and  Drugs.  *7  5<> 

Vol.  II.     Sale  of  Food  and  Drugs  Act *3  oo 

Parry,  E.  J.,  and  Coste,  J.  H.     Chemistry  of  Pigments 8vo,  *4  50 

Parry,  L.  A.     Risk  and  Dangers  of  Various  Occupations 8vo,  *3  oo 

Parshall,  H.  F.,  and  Hobart,  H.  M.     Armature  Windings 4to,  *7  50 

Electric  Railway  Engineering 4to,  *io  oo 

Parshall,  H.  F.,  and  Parry,  E.     Electrical' Equipment  of  Tramways..  .  .  (In  Press.) 

Parsons,  S.  J.     Malleable  Cast  Iron 8vo,  *2  50 

Partington,  J.  R.     Higher  Mathematics  for  Chemical  Students.  .i2mo,  *2  oo 

Passmore,  A.  C.     Technical  Terms  Used  in  Architecture 8vo,  *3  50 

Paterson,  G.  W.  L.     Wiring  Calculations I2mo,  *2  oo 

Patterson,  D.     The  Color  Printing  of  Carpet  Yarns 8vo,  *3  50 

—  Color  Matching  on  Textiles 8vo,  *3  oo 

—  The  Science  of  Color  Mixing 8vo,  *3  oo 

Paulding,  C.   P.     Condensation  of  Steam  in  Covered  and  Bare  Pipes. 

8vo,  *2  oo 

Transmission  of  Heat  through  Cold-storage  Insulation i2mo,  *i  oo 

Payne,   D.   W.     Iron  Founders'   Handbook (In   Press.) 

Peddie,  R.  A.     Engineering  and  Metallurgical  Books i2mo, 

Peirce,  B.     System  of  Analytic  Mechanics 4to,  10  oo 

Pendred,  V.     The  Railway  Locomotive.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Perkin,  F.  M.     Practical  Methods  of  Inorganic  Chemistry i2mo,  *i  oo 

Perrigo,  0.  E.     Change  Gear  Devices 8vo,  i  oo 

Perrine,  F.  A.  C.     Conductors  for  Electrical  Distribution 8vo,  *3  50 

Perry,  J.     Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  *2  50 

Petit,  G.     White  Lead  and  Zinc  White  Paints 8vo,  *i  50 


20      IX  VAN   NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S  SHORT  TITLE  CATALOG 

Petit,  R.     How  to  Build  an  Aeroplane.     Trans,  by  T.  O'B.  Hubbard,  and 

J.  H.  Ledeboer 8vo,  *i  50 

Pettit,  Lieut.  J.  S.     Graphic  Processes.     (Science  Series  No.  76.) . . .  i6mo,  o  50 
Philbrick,  P.  H.     Beams  and  Girders.     (Science  Series  No.  88.) . . .  i6mo, 

Phillips,  J.     Engineering  Chemistry 8vo,  *4  50 

Gold  Assaying 8vo,  *2  50 

Dangerous  Goods 8vo,  3  50- 

Phin,  J.     Seven  Follies  of  Science I2mo,  *i  25 

Pickworth,  C.  N.     The  Indicator  Handbook.     Two  Volumes.  .i2mo,  each,  i  50 

Logarithms  for  Beginners .• I2mo-  boards,  o  50 

The  Slide  Rule I2mo,  i  oo 

Plattner's  Manual  of  Blow-pipe  Analysis.    Eighth  Edition,  revised.    Trans. 

by  H.  B.  Cornwall 8vo,  *4  oo 

Plympton,  G.  W.    The  Aneroid  Barometer.    (Science  Series  No.  35.)   i6mo,  o  50 

How  to  become  an  Engineer.     (Science  Series  No.  100.) i6mo,  o  50 

Van  Nostrand's  Table  Book.     (Science  Series  No.  104.) i6mo,  o  50 

Pochet,  M.  L.     Steam  Injectors.     Translated  from  the  French.     (Science 

Series  No.  29.) i6mo,  o  50 

Pocket  Logarithms  to  Four  Places.     (Science  Series  No.  65.) i6mo,  o  50 

leather,  i  oo 

Polleyn,  F.     Dressings  and  Finishings  for  Textile  Fabrics 8vo,  *3  oa 

Pope,  F.  L.     Modern  Practice  of  the  Electric  Telegraph 8vo,  i  50 

Popple  well,  W.  C.  Elementary  Treatise  on  Heat  and  Heat  Engines.  .  i2mo,  *3  oo 
Prevention  of  Smoke 8vo,  *3  50° 

—  Strength  of  Materials 8vo,  *i  75 

Porter,  J.  R.     Helicopter  Flying  Machine i2mo,  *i  25: 

Potter,  T.     Concrete 8vo,  *3  oo, 

Potts,  H.  E.     Chemistry  of  the  Rubber  Industry.     (Outlines  of  Indus- 
trial Chemistry) 8vo,  *2  oo> 

Practical  Compounding  of  Oils,  Tallow  and  Grease 8vo,  *3  50 

Practical  Iron  Founding i2mo,  i  50 

Pratt,  K.    Boiler  Draught i2mo,  *i  25 

Pray,  T.,  Jr.     Twenty  Years  with  the  Indicator 8vo,  2  50 

—  Steam  Tables  and  Engine  Constant 8vo,  2  oo 

Calorimeter  Tables 8vo,  i  oo 

Preece,  W.  H.     Electric  Lamps (In  Press.) 

Prelini,  C.     Earth  and  Rock  Excavation 8vo,  *3  oo 

Graphical  Determination  of  Earth  Slopes 8vo,  *2  oo 

Tunneling.     New  Edition 8vo,  *3  oo 

Dredging.    A  Practical  Treatise 8vo,  *3  oo 

Prescott,  A.  B.     Organic  Analysis 8vo,  5  oo 

Prescott,  A.  B.,  and  Johnson,  0.  C.     Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.  .  .8vo,  *3  50 
Prescott,  A.  B.,  and  Sullivan,  E.  C.     First  Book  in  Qualitative  Chemistry. 

i2mo,  *i  50 

Prideaux,  E.  B.  R.    Problems  in  Physical  Chemistry 8vo,  *2  oo 

Pritchard,  0.  G.     The  Manufacture  of  Electric-light  Carbons .  .  8vo,  paper,  *o  60 
Pullen,  W.  W.  F.     Application  of  Graphic  Methods  to  the  Design  of 

Structures i2mo,  *2  50 

Injectors:  Theory,  Construction  and  Working i2mo,  *i  50 

Pulsifer,  W.  H.     Notes  for  a  History  of  Lead 8vo,  4  oo 

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Pynchon,  T.  R.     Introduction  to  Chemical  Physics 8vo,  3  oo 

Rafter  G.  W*     Mechanics  of  Ventilation.     (Science  Series  No.  33.) .  i6mo,  o  50 

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Treatment  of  Septic  Sewage.     (Science  Series  No.  118.). .  . .  i6mo  50 

Rafter,  G.  W.,  and  Baker,  M.  N.     Sewage  Disposal  in  the  United  States. 

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Raikes,  H.  P.     Sewage  Disposal  Works 8vo,  *4  oo 

Railway  Shop  Up-to-Date 4to,  2  oo 

Ramp,  H.  M.     Foundry  Practice (In  Press.) 

Randall,  P.  M.     Quartz  Operator's  Handbook i2mo,  2  oo 

Randau,  P.     Enamels  and  Enamelling 8vo,  *4  oo 

Rankine,  W.  J.  M.     Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  5  oo 

Civil  Engineering 8vo,  6  50 

Machinery  and  Millwork 8vo,  5  oo 

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Rankine,  W.  J.  M.,  and  Bamber,  E.  F.     A  Mechanical  Text-book. . .  .8vo,  3  50 
Raphael,  F.  C.     Localization  of  Faults  in  Electric  Light  and  Power  Mains. 

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Rasch,  E.    Electric  Arc.    Trans,  by  K.  Toraberg (In  Press.) 

Rathbone,  R.  L.  B.     Simple  Jewellery 8vo,  *2  oo 

Rateau,  A.     Flow  of  Steam  through  Nozzles  and  Orifices.     Trans,  by  H. 

B.  Brydon 8vo,  *i  50 

Rausenberger,  F.     The  Theory  of  the  Recoil  of  Guns 8vo,  *4  50 

Rautenstrauch,  W.    Notes  on  the  Elements  of  Machine  Design .  8 vo,  boards,  *  i  50 
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Part  II.  Empirical  Design (In  Preparation.) 

Raymond,  E.  B.     Alternating  Current  Engineering i2mo,  *2  50 

Rayner,  H.     Silk  Throwing  and  Waste  Silk  Spinning 8vo,  *2  50 

Recipes  for  the  Color,  Paint,  Varnish,  Oil,  Soap  and  Drysaltery  Trades .  8vo,  *3  50 

Recipes  for  Flint  Glass  Making. I2mo,  *4  50 

Redfern,  J.  B.    Bells,  Telephones  (Installation  Manuals  Series)  i6mo, 

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Redwood,  B.     Petroleum.     (Science  Series  No.  92.) i6mo,  o  50 

Reed's  Engineers'  Handbook 8vo,  *5  oo 

Key  to  the  Nineteenth  Edition  of  Reed's  Engineers'  Handbook . .  8vo,  *3  oo 

Useful  Hints  to  Sea-going  Engineers i2mo,  i  50 

Marine  Boilers i2mo,  2  oo 

Reinhardt,  C.  W.     Lettering  for  Draftsmen,  Engineers,  and  Students. 

oblong  4to,  boards,  i  oo 

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Reiser,  F.     Hardening  and  Tempering  of  Steel.     Trans,  by  A.  Morris  and 

H.  Robson i2mo,  *2  50 

Reiser,  N.     Faults  in  the  Manufacture  of  Woolen  Goods.     Trans,  by  A. 

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22      D.   VAN    NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S   SHORT  TITLE  CATALOG 

Reynolds,   O.,  and  Idell,   F.   E.     Triple   Expansion  Engines.     (Science 

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Rhead,  G.  F.     Simple  Structural  Woodwork i2mo,  *i  oo 

Rice,  J.  M.,  and  Johnson,  W.  W.     A  New  Method  of  Obtaining  the  Differ- 
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Richards,  W.  A.  and  North,  H.  B.     Manual  of  Cement  Testing.  (In  Press.) 

Richardson,  J.     The  Modern  Steam  Engine 8vo,  *3  50 

Richardson,  S.  S.     Magnetism  and  Electricity i2mo,  *2  oo 

Rideal,  S.     Glue  and  Glue  Testing 8vo,  *4  oo 

Rings,  F.     Concrete  in  Theory  and  Practice i2mo,  *2  50 

Ripper,  W.     Course  of  Instruction  in  Machine  Drawing folio,  *6  oo 

Roberts,  F.  C.     Figure  of  the  Earth.     (Science  Series  No.  79.) i6mo,  o  50 

Roberts,  J.,  Jr.     Laboratory  Work  in  Electrical  Engineering 8vo,  *2  oo 

Robertson,  L.  S.     Water-tube  Boilers 8vo,  3  oo 

Robinson,  J.  B.     Architectural  Composition 8vo,  *2  50 

Robinson,  S.  W.     Practical  Treatise  on  the  Teeth  of  Wheels.     (Science 

Series  No.  24.) i6mo,  o  50 

• Railroad  Economics.     (Science  Series  No.  59.) i6mo,  o  50 

Wrought  Iron  Bridge  Members.     (Science  Series  No.  60.) i6mo,  o  50 

Robson,  J.  H.     Machine  Drawing  and  Sketching 8vo,  *i  50 

Roebling,  J   A.     Long  and  Short  Span  Railway  Bridges folio,  25  oo 

Rogers,  A.     A  Laboratory  Guide  of  Industrial  Chemistry i2mo,  *i  50 

Rogers,  A.,  and  Aubert,  A.  B.     Industrial  Chemistry 8vo,  *5  oo 

Rogers,  F.     Magnetism  of  Iron  Vessels.     (Science  Series  No.  30.) .  .  i6mo,  o  50 

Rohland,  P.     Colloidal  and  Cyrstalloidal   State   of  Matter.     Trans,  by  •! 

W.  J.  Britland  and  H.  E.  Potts i2mo,  *i  25 

Rollins,  W.     Notes  on  X-Light 8vo,  *5  oo 

Rollinson,  C.     Alphabets Oblong,  .i2mo,  (In  Press.) 

Rose,  J.     The  Pattern-makers'  Assistant 8vo,  2  50 

Key  to  Engines  and  Engine-running i2mo,  2  50 

Rose,  T.  K.     The  Precious  Metals.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Rosenhain,  W.     Glass  Manufacture.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Ross,  W.  A.     Plowpipe  in  Chemistry  and  Metallurgy i2mo,  *2  oo 

Rossiter,  J.  T.     Steam  Engines.     (Westminster  Series.)..  .  .8vo  (In  Press.) 

Pumps  and  Pumping  Machinery.     (Westminster  Series.).. 8vo  (In  Press.) 

Roth.     Physical  Chemistry 8vo,  *2  oo 

Rouillion,  L.     The  Economics  of  Manual  Training 8vo,  2  oo 

Rowan,  F.  J.     Practical  Physics  of  the  Modern  Steam-boiler 8vo,  7  50 

Rowan,   F.   J.,   and  Idell,   F.    E.     Boiler   Incrustation   and   Corrosion. 

(Science  Series  No.  27.) i6mo,  o  50 

Roxburgh,  W.     General  Foundry  Practice 8vo,  *3  50 

Ruhmer,  E.     Wireless  Telephony.     Trans,  by  J.  Erskine-Murray.  ..  .8vo,  *3  50 

Russell,  A.     Theory  of  Electric  Cables  and  Networks 8vo,  *3  oo 

Sabine,  R.     History  and  Progress  of  the  Electric  Telegraph i2mo,  i  25 

Saeltzer   A.     Treatise  on  Acoustics i2mo,  i  oo 

Salomons,  D.     Electric  Light  Installations.     i2mo. 

Vol.    I.     The  Management  of  Accumulators 2  50 

Vol.  II.     Apparatus , 2  25 

Vol.  III.     Applications i  50 

Sanford,  P.  G.     Nitro-explosives 8vo,  *4  oo 


D.  VAN    NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S    SHORT   TITLE  CATALOG      23 

Saunders,  C.  H.     Handbook  of  Practical  Mechanics i6mo,  i  oo 

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Saunnier,  C.     Watchmaker's  Handbook izmo,  3  oo 

Sayers,  H.  M.     Brakes  for  Tram  Cars 8vo,  *i  25 

Scheele,  C.  W.     Chemical  Essays 8vo,  *2  oo 

Schellen,  H.     Magneto-electric  and  Dynamo-electric  Machines 8vo,  5  oo 

Scherer,  R.     Casein.     Trans,  by  C.  Salter 8vo,  *3  oo 

Schidrowitz,  P.     Rubber,  Its  Production  and  Industrial  Uses 8vo,  *5  oo 

Schindler,  K.     Iron  and  Steel  Construction  Works. 

Schmall,  C.  N.     First  Course  in  Analytic  Geometry,  Plane  and  Solid. 

I2mo,  half  leather,  *i  75 

Schmall,  C.  N.,  and  Shack,  S.  M.     Elements  of  Plane  Geometry  ....  i2mo,  *i   25 

Schmeer,  L.     Flow  of  Water 8vo,  *3  oo 

Schumann,  F.     A  Manual  of  Heating  and  Ventilation i2mo,  leather,  i  50 

Schwarz,  E.  H.  L.     Causal  Geology 8vo,  *2  50 

Schweizer,  V.,  Distillation  of  Resins 8vo,  *3  50 

Scott,  W.  W.     Qualitative  Analysis.     A  Laboratory  Manual 8vo,  *i  50 

Scribner,  J.  M.     Engineers'  and  Mechanics'  Companion  .  . .  i6mo,  leather,  i  50 

Searle,  A.  B.     Modern  Brickmaking 8vo,  *5  oo 

Searle,  G.  M.     "  Sumners'  Method."     Condensed  and  Improved.    (Science 

Series  No.  124.) i6mo,  o  50 

Seaton,  A.  E.     Manual  of  Marine  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Seaton,  A.  E.,  and  Rounthwaite,  H.  M.     Pocket-book  of  Marine  Engineer- 
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Seeligmann,  T.,  Torrilhon,  G.  L.,  and  Falconnet,  H.     India  Rubber  and 

Gutta  Percha.     Trans,  by  J.  G.  Mclntosh 8vo,  *5  oo 

Seidell,  A.     Solubilities  of  Inorganic  and  Organic  Substances 8vo,  *3  oo 

Sellew,  W,  H.     Steel  Rails 4to  (7n  Press.} 

Senter,  G.     Outlines  of  Physical  Chemistry I2mo,  *i  75 

Textbook  of  Inorganic  Chemistry i2mo,  *i  75 

Sever,  G.  F.     Electric  Engineering  Experiments 8vo,  boards,  *i  oo 

Sever,  G.  F.,  and  Townsend,  F.     Laboratory  and  Factory  Tests  in  Electrical, 

Engineering 8vo,  *2  50 

Sewall,  C.  H.     Wireless  Telegraphy 8vo,  *2  oo 

Lessons  in  Telegraphy I2mo,  *i  oo 

Sewell,  T.     Elements  of  Electrical  Engineering 8vo,  *3  oo 

The  Construction  of  Dynamos 8mo,  *3  oo 

Sexton,  A.  H.     Fuel  and  Refractory  Materials i2mo,  *2  50 

Chemistry  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering i2mo,  *2  50 

Alloys  (Non- Ferrous) 8vo,  *3  oo 

The  Metallurgy  of  Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  *6  50 

Seymour,  A.     Practical  Lithography 8vo,  *2  50 

—  Modern  Printing  Inks 8vo,  *2  oo 

Shaw,  Henry  S.  H.     Mechanical  Integrators.     (Science  Series  No.  83.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Shaw,  P.  E.     Course  of  Practical  Magnetism  and  Electricity 8vo,  *i  oo 

Shaw,  S.     History  of  the  Staffordshire  Potteries 8vo,  *3  oo 

Chemistry  of  Compounds  Used  in  Porcelain  Manufacture 8vo,  *5  oo 

Shaw,  W.  N.     Forecasting  Weather 8vo,  *3  50 

Sheldon,  S.,  and  Hausmann,  E.     Direct  Current  Machines i2mo,  *2  50 

—  Alternating  Current  Machines i2mo,  *2  50 


24     D.  VAN   NOSTRAND   COMPANY'S   SHORT  TITLE   CATALOG 

Sheldon,  S.,  and  Hausmann,  E.     Electric  Traction  and  Transmission 

Engineering i2mo,  *2  50 

Sherriff,  F.  F.     Oil  Merchants'  Manual i2mo,  *3  50 

Shields,  J.  E.     Notes  on  Engineering  Construction i2mo,  i  50 

Shock,  W.  H.     Steam  Boilers 4to,  half  morocco,  15  oo 

Shreve,  S.  H.     Strength  of  Bridges  and  Roofs 8vo,  3  50 

Shunk,  W.  F.     The  Field  Engineer i2mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Simmons,  W.  H.,  and  Appleton,  H.  A.    Handbook  of  Soap  Manufacture. 

8vo,  *3  oo 

Simmons,  W.  H.,  and  Mitchell,  C.  A.     Edible  Fats  and  Oils 8vo,  *3  oo 

Simms,  F.  W.     The  Principles  and  Practice  of  Leveling 8vo,  2  50 

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Simpson,  G.    The  Naval  Constructor i2mo,  morocco,  *5  oo 

Simpson,   W.     Foundations 8vo,    (In   Press.) 

Sinclair,  A.     Development  of  the  Locomotive  Engine  .  .  .8vo,  half  leather,  5  oo 

Sinclair,  A.     Twentieth  Century  Locomotive 8vo,  half  leather,  *5  oo 

Sindall,  R.  W.     Manufacture  of  Paper.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Sloane,  T.  O'C.     Elementary  Electrical  Calculations i2mo,  *2  oo 

Smith,  C.  A.  M.     Handbook  of  Testing,  MATERIALS 8vo,  *2  50 

Smith,  C.  A.  M.,  and  Warren,  A.  G.     New  Steam  Tables 8vo, 

Smith,  C.  F.     Practical  Alternating  Currents  and  Testing 8vo,  *2  50 

Practical  Testing  of  Dynamos  and  Motors 8vo,  *2  oo 

Smith,  F.  E.     Handbook  of  General  Instruction  for  Mechanics.  .  .  .  i2mo,  i  50 

Smith,  J.  C.     Manufacture  of  Paint 8vo,  *3  oo 

Smith,  R.  H.    Principles  of  Machine  Work i2mo,  *3^oo 

Elements  of  Machine  Work i2mo,  *2  oo 

Smith,  W.     Chemistry  of  Hat  Manufacturing I2mo,  *3  oo 

Snell,  A.  T.     Electric  Motive  Power 8vo,  *4  oo 

Snow,  W.  G.     Pocketbook  of  Steam  Heating  and  Ventilation.    (In  Press.) 
Snow,  W.  G.,  and  Nolan,  T.     Ventilation  of  Buildings.     (Science  Series 

No.  5.) i6mo,  o  50 

Soddy,  F.     Radioactivity 8vo,  *3  oo 

Solomon,  M.     Electric  Lamps.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Sothern,  J.  W.     The  Marine  Steam  Turbine 8vo,  *5  oo 

Southcombe,  J.  E.    Paints,  Oils  and  Varnishes.     (Outlines  of  Indus- 
trial Chemistry.) 8vo,   (In  Press.) 

Soxhlet,  D.  H.     Dyeing  and  Staining  Marble.     Trans,  by  A.  Morris  and 

H.  Robson 8vo,  *2  50 

Spang,  H.  W.     A  Practical  Treatise  on  Lightning  Protection i2mo,  i  oo 

Spangenburg,    L.     Fatigue    of    Metals.     Translated    by    S.    H.    Shreve. 

(Science  Series  No.  23.) i6mo,  o  50 

Specht,  G.  J.,  Hardy,  A.  S.,  McMaster,  J.B  .,  and  Walling.     Topographical 

Surveying.     (Science  Series  No.  72.). i6mo,  o  50 

Speyers,  C.  L.     Text-book  of  Physical  Chemistry 8vo,  *2  23 

Stahl,  A.  W.     Transmission  of  Power.     (Science  Series  No.  28.) . . .  i6mo, 

Stahl,  A.  W.,  and  Woods,  A.  T.     Elementary  Mechanism i2mo,  *2  oo 

Staley,  C.,  and  Pierson,  G.  S.     The  Separate  System  of  Sewerage. .  .  .8vo,  *3  oo 

Standage,  H.  C.     Leatherworkers'  Manual 8vo,  *3  50 

Sealing  Waxes,  Wafers,  and  Other  Adhesives 8vo,  *2  oo 

Agglutinants  of  all  Kinds  for  all  Purposes I2mo,  *3  50 

Stansbie,  J.  H.     Iron  and  Steel.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 


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Steinman,  D.  B.     Suspension  Bridges  and  Cantilevers.     (Science  Series 

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Stevens,  H.  P.     Paper  Mill  Chemist i6mo,  *2  50 

Stevenson,  J.  L.     Blast-Furnace  Calculations i2mo,  leather,  *2  oo 

Stewart,  A.     Modern  Polyphase  Machinery i2mo,  *2  oo 

Stewart,  G.     Modern  Steam  Traps i2mo,  *i  25 

Stiles,  A.     Tables  for  Field  Engineers i2mo,  i  oo 

Stillman,  P.     Steam-engine  Indicator i2mo,  i  oo 

Stodola,  A.     Steam  Turbines.     Trans,  by  L.  C.  Loewenstein 8vo,  *s  oo 

Stone,  H.     The  Timbers  of  Commerce 8vo,  3  50 

Stone,  Gen.  R.    New  Roads  and  Road  Laws i2mo,  i  oo 

Stopes,  M.     Ancient  Plants 8vo,  *2  oo 

The  Study  of  Plant  Life 8vo,  *2  oo 

Stumpf ,  Prof.    Una-Flow  of  Steam  Engine (In  Press.) 

Sudborough,  J.  J.,  and  James,  T.  C.     Practical  Organic  Chemistry.  .  i2mo,  *2  oo 

Suffling,  E.  R.     Treatise  on  the  Art  of  Glass  Painting 8vo,  *3  50 

Swan,  K.     Patents,  Designs  and  Trade  Marks.      (Westminster  Series.). 8vo,  *2  oo 

Sweet,  S.  H.     Special  Report  on  Coal 8vo,  3  oo 

Swinburne,  J.,  Wordingham,  C.  H.,  and  Martin,  T.  C.     Eletcric  Currents. 

(Science  Series  No.  109.) i6mo,  o  50 

Swoope,  C.  W.     Practical  Lessons  in  Electricity 12010,  *2  oo 

Tailfer,  L.     Bleaching  Linen  and  Cotton  Yarn  and  Fabrics 8vo,  *5  oo 

Tate,  J.  S.     Surcharged  and  Different  Forms  of  Retaining-walls.     (Science 

Series  No.  7.) i6mo,  o  50 

Taylor,  E.  N.     Small  Water  Supplies i2mo,  *2  oo 

Templeton,  W.     Practical  Mechanic's  Workshop  Companion. 

i2mo,  morocco,  2  oo 
Terry,  H.  L.     India  Rubber  and  its  Manufacture.     (Westminster  Series.) 

8vo,  *2  oo 
Thayer,  H.  R.     Structural  Design.     8vo. 

Vol.     I.    Elements  of  Structural  Design *2  oo 

Vol.    II.    Design  of  Simple  Structures (In  Preparation.) 

Vol.  III.    Design  of  Advanced  Structures (In  Preparation.') 

Thiess,  J.  B.  and  Joy,  G.  A.    Toll  Telephone  Practice 8vo,  *3  50 

Thorn,  C.,  and  Jones,  W.  H.     Telegraphic  Connections oblong  i2mo,  i  50 

Thomas,  C.  W.     Paper-makers'  Handbook (In  Press.) 

Thompson,  A.  B.     Oil  Fields  of  Russia 4to,  *7  50 

Petroleum  Mining  and  Oil  Field  Development 8vo,  *5  oo 

Thompson,  E.  P.     How  to  Make  Inventions 8vo,  o  50 

Thompson,  S.  P.     Dynamo  Electric  Machines.     (Science  Series  No.  75.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Thompson,  W.  P.     Handbook  of  Patent  Law  of  All  Countries i6mo,  i  50 

Thomson,  G.  S.     Milk  and  Cream  Testing I2mo,  *i  75 

Modern  Sanitary  Engineering,  House  Drainage,  etc.  8vo,  (In  Press.) 

Thornley,  T.     Cotton  Combing  Machines 8vo,  *3  oo 

Cotton  Spinning.     8vo. 

First  Year *i  50 

Second  Year. *2  50 

Third  Year *2  50 

Thurso,  J.  W.     Modern  Turbine  Practice 8vo,  *4  oo 


26     D.   VAN   NOSTRAND    COMPANY'S   SHORT   TITLE  CATALOG 

Tidy,  C.   Meymott.     Treatment  of  Sewage.     (Science  Series  No.   94.). 

i6mo,  o  50 

Tinney,  W.  H.     Gold-mining  Machinery 8vo,  *3  oo 

Titherley,  A.  W.     Laboratory  Course  of  Organic  Chemistry 8vo,  *2  oo 

Toch,  M.     Chemistry  and  Technology  of  Mixed  Paints 8vo,  *3  oo 

• Materials  for  Permanent  Painting i2mo,  *2  oo 

Todd,  J.,  and  Whall,  W.  B.     Practical  Seamanship 8vo,  *y  50 

Tonge,  J.     Coal.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Townsend,  F.     Alternating  Current  Engineering 8vo,  boards  *o  75 

Townsend,  J.     lonization  of  Gases  by  Collision 8vo,  *i  25 

Transactions  of  the  Amerkan  Institute  of  Chemical  Engineers.     8vo. 

Vol.     I.     1908 *6  oo 

Vol.    II.     1909 *6  oo 

Vol.  III.      1910 *6  oo 

Vol.  IV.     1911 *6  oo 

Traverse  Tables.     (Science  Series  No.  115.) i6mo,  o  50 

morocco,  i  oo 
Trinks,  W.,  and  Housum,  C.     Shaft  Governors.     (Science  Series  No.  122.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Trowbridge,  W.  P.     Turbine  Wheels.     (Science  Series  No.  44.) i6mo,  o  50 

Tucker,  J.  H.     A  Manual  of  Sugar  Analysis 8vo,  3  50 

Tumlirz,  0.     Potential.     Trans,  by  D.  Robertson i2mo,  i  25 

Tunner,  P.  A.     Treatise  on  Roll-turning.     Trans,  by  J.  B.  Pearse. 

8vo,  text  and  folio  atlas,  10  oo 

Turbayne,  A.  A.     Alphabets  and  Numerals 4to,  2  oo 

Turnbull,  Jr.,  J.,  and  Robinson,  S.  W.     A  Treatise  on  the  Compound 

Steam-engine,      (Science  Series  No.  8.) i6mo, 

Turrill,  S.  M.     Elementary  Course  in  Perspective i2mo,  *i  25 

Underbill,  C.  R.     Solenoids,  Electromagnets  and  Electromagnetic  Wind- 
ings  i2mo,  *2  oo 

Universal  Telegraph  Cipher  Code i2mo,  i  oo 

Urquhart,  J.  W.     Electric  Light  Fitting i2mo,  2  oo 

Electro-plating i2mo,  2  oo 

Electrotyping i2mo,  2  oo 

Electric  Ship  Lighting i2mo,  3  oo 

Vacher,  F.  Food  Inspector's  Handbook i2mo,  *2  50 

Van  Nostrand's  Chemical  Annual.  Second  issue  1909 i2mo,  *2  50 

Year  Book  of  Mechanical  Engineering  Data.  First  issue  1912 . . .  (In  Press.) 

Van  Wagenen,  T.  F.  Manual  of  Hydraulic  Mining i6mo,  i  oo 

Vega,  Baron  Von.  Logarithmic  Tables 8vo,  half  morocco,  2  oo 

Villon,  A.  M.  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Leather  Industry.  Trans,  by  F. 

T.  Addyman 8vo,  *io  oo 

Vincent,  C.  Ammonia  and  its  Compounds.  Trans,  by  M.  J.  Salter .  .  8vo,  *2  oo 

Volk,  C.  Haulage  and  Winding  Appliances 8vo,  *4  oo 

Von  Georgievics,  G.  Chemical  Technology  of  Textile  Fibres.  Trans,  by 

C.  Salter 8vo,  *4  50 

—  Chemistry  of  Dyestuffs.  Trans,  by  C.  Salter '.....  8vo,  *4  50 

Vose,  G.  L.  Graphic  Method  for  Solving  Certain  Questions  in  Arithmetic 

and  Algebra.     (Science  Series  No.  16.) i6mo,  o  50 


D.   VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S    SHORT  TITLE  CATALOG  27 

Wabner,  R.     Ventilation  in  Mines.     Trans,  by  C.  Salter 8vo,  *4  50 

Wade,  E.  J.     Secondary  Batteries 8vo,  *4  oo 

Wadmore,  T.  M.    Elementary  Chemical  Theory.. i2mo,  *i  50 

Wadsworth,  C.     Primary  Battery  Ignition i2mo  (In  Press.) 

Wagner,  E.     Preserving  Fruits,  Vegetables,  and  Meat i2mo,  *2  50 

Waldram,  P.  J.      Principles  of  Structural  Mechanics (In  Press.) 

Walker,  F.     Aerial  Navigation 8vo,  2  oo 

Dynamo  Building.     (Science  Series  No.  98.) i6mo,  o  50 

Electric  Lighting  for  Marine  Engineers 8vo,  2  oo 

Walker,  S.  F.     Steam  Boilers,  Engines  and  Turbines 8vo,  3  oo 

Refrigeration,  Heating  and  Ventilation  on  Shipboard i2mo,  *2  oo 

Electricity  in  Mining 8vo,  *3  50 

Walker,  W.  H.     Screw  Propulsion 8vo,  o  75 

Wallis-Tayler,  A.  J.     Bearings  and  Lubrication 8vo,  *i  50 

Aerial  or  Wire  Ropeways 8vo,  *3  oo 

Modern  Cycles 8vo,  4  oo 

Motor  Cars 8vo,  i  80 

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Pocket  Book  of  Refrigeration  and  Ice  Making i2mo,  i  50 

Refrigeration,  Cold  Storage  and  Ice-Making 8vo,  *4  50 

Sugar  Machinery i2mo,  *2  oo 

Wanklyn,  J.  A.     Water  Analysis i2ino,  2  oo 

Wansbrough,  W.  D.     The  A  B  C  of  the  Differential  Calculus i2mo,  *i  50 

—  Slide  Valves i2mo,  *2  oo 

Ward,  J.  H.     Steam  for  the  Million 8vo,  i  oo 

Waring,  Jr.,  G.  E.     Sanitary  Conditions.     (Science  Series  No.  31.). .  i6mo,  o  50 

Sewerage  and  Land  Drainage *6  oo 

Waring,  Jr.,  G.  E.     Modern  Methods  of  Sewage  Disposal i2mo,  2  oo 

How  to  Drain  a  House i2mo,  i  25 

Warren,  F.  D.     Handbook  on  Reinforced  Concrete i2mo,  *2  50 

Watkins,  A.     Photography.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Watson,  E.  P.     Small  Engines  and  Boilers : i2mo,  i  25 

Watt,  A.     Electro-plating  and  Electro-refining  of  Metals 8vo,  *4  50 

—  Electro-metallurgy i2mo,  i  oo 

The  Art  of  Soap-making 8vo,  3  oo 

Leather  Manufacture Svo,  *4  oo 

Paper-Making Svo,  3  oo 

Weale,  J.     Dictionary  of  Terms  Used  in  Architecture i2mo,  2  50 

Weale's  Scientific  and  Technical  Series.     (Complete  list  sent  on  applica- 
tion.) 

Weather  and  Weather  Instruments i2mo,  i  oo 

paper,  o  50 

Webb,  H.  L.     Guide  to  the  Testing  of  Insulated  Wires  and  Cables. .  i2mo,  i  oo 

Webber,  W.  H.  Y.     Town  Gas.     (Westminster  Series.) Svo,  *2  oo 

Weisbach,  J.     A  Manual  of  Theoretical  Mechanics Svo,  *6  oo 

sheep,  *7  50 

Weisbach,  J.,  and  Herrmann,  G.     Mechanics  of  Air  Machinery Svo,  *3  75 

Welch,  W.     Correct  Lettering (In  Press.) 

Weston,  E.  B.     Loss  of  Head  Due  to  Friction  of  Water  in  Pipes  . . .  i2mo,  *i  50 

Weymouth,  F.  M.     Drum  Armatures  and  Commutators Svo,  *3  oo 

Wheatley,  O.     Ornamental  Cement  Work (In  Press.) 


28     D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT  TITLE  CATALOG 

Wheeler,  J.  B.     Art  of  War i2mo,  i  75 

Field  Fortifications i2mo,  i  75 

Whipple,  S.     An  Elementary  and  Practical  Treatise  on  Bridge  Building. 

8vo,  3  oo 

Whithard,  P.     Illuminating  and  Missal  Painting I2mo,  i  50 

Wilcox,  R.  M.     Cantilever  Bridges.     (Science  Series  No.  25.) i6mo,  o  50 

Wilkinson,  H.  D.     Submarine  Cable  Laying  and  Repairing 8vo,  *6  oo 

Williams,  A.  D.,  Jr.,  and  Hutchinson,  R.  W.     The  Steam  Turbine (In  Press.) 

Williamson,  J.,  and  Blackadder,  H.  Surveying 8vo,   (In  Press.) 

Williamson,  R.  S.     On  the  Use  of  the  Barometer 4to,  15  oo 

• Practical  Tables  in  Meteorology  and  Hypsometery 4to,  2  50 

Willson,  F.  N.     Theoretical  and  Practical  Graphics 4to,  *4  oo 

Wimperis,  H.  E.     Internal  Combustion  Engine 8vo,  *3  oo 

Winchell,  N.  H.,  and  A.  N.     Elements  of  Optical  Mineralogy 8vo,  *3  50 

Winkler,  C.,  and  Lunge,  G.     Handbook  of  Technical  Gas- Analysis. .  .8vo,  4  oo 

Winslow,  A.     Stadia  Surveying.     (Science  Series  No.  77.) i6mo,  o  50 

Wisser,   Lieut.   J.   P.     Explosive  Materials.     (Science   Series  No.   70.). 

i6mo,  o  50 

Wisser,  Lieut.  J.  P.     Modern  Gun  Cotton.     (Science  Series  No.  89.)i6mo,  o  50 

Wood,  De  V.     Luminiferous  Aether.     (Science  Series  No.  85.) ....  i6mo,  o  50 
Woodbury,  D.  V.     Elements  of  Stability  in  the  Well-proportioned  Arch. 

8vo,  half  morocco,  4  oo 

Worden,  E.  C.     The  Nitrocellulose  Industry.     Two  Volumes 8vo,  *io  oo 

Cellulose  Acetate 8vo,  (In  Press.) 

Wright,  A.  C.     Analysis  of  Oils  and  Allied  Substances 8vo,  *3  50 

Simple  Method  for  Testing  Painters'  Materials 8vo,  *2  50 

Wright,  F.  W.     Design  of  a  Condensing  Plant I2mo,  *i  50 

Wright,  H.  E.     Handy  Book  for  Brewers 8vo,  *5  oo 

Wright,  J.    Testing,  Fault  Finding,  etc.,  for  Wiremen.      (Installation 

Manuals  Series.) idmo,  *o  50 

Wright,  T.  W.     Elements  of  Mechanics 8vo,  *2  50 

Wright,  T.  W.,  and  Hayford,  J.  F.     Adjustment  of  Observations 8vo,  *3  oo 

Young,  J.  E.     Electrical  Testing  for  Telegraph  Engineers 8vo,  *4  oo 

Zahner,  R.     Transmission  of  Power.     (Science  Series  No.  40.) ....  i6mo, 

Zeidler,  J.,  and  Lustgarten,  J.     Electric  Arc  Lamps 8vo,  *2  oo 

Zeuner,  A.     Technical  Thermodynamics.     Trans,  by  J.  F.  Klein.     Two 

Volumes 8vo,  *8  oo 

Zimmer,  G.  F.     Mechanical  Handling  of  Material 4to,  *io  oo 

Zipser,  J.    Textile  Raw  Materials.     Trans,  by  C.  Salter 8vo,  *5  oo 

Zur  Nedden,  F.     Engineering  Workshop  Machines  and  Processes.     Trans. 

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